Modernism in Spanish Literature: From Darío to the Avant-Garde
Modernism in Spanish Literature
Introduction
Modernism is a literary movement that coexisted with the Generation of ’98, but its members had distinct characteristics. Unlike the ’98 writers who were inspired by national concerns, Modernists, influenced by Juan Ramón Jiménez, focused on aesthetic beauty rather than transmitting political or moral ideas. Modernist poetry and prose utilized musicality as a fundamental resource.
Origins of Modernism
Modernism’s roots lie in French Symbolism (1860-1900). Charles Baudelaire‘s “Flowers of Evil”, a collection of poems that challenged 19th-century idealism, was a pivotal work. Paul Verlaine established the concept of poetry as music, while Arthur Rimbaud‘s poetry embraced irrationality and imagery that defied logic.
Modernism in Spain
Rubén Darío’s “Azul” (1888), a collection of symbolist poetry and short stories, marked the beginning of Modernism in Spanish literature. Darío’s influence extended to Madrid, where he shared his work with young poets.
Characteristics of Spanish Modernism
The Modernists rejected contemporary life and idealized the past, embracing a bohemian lifestyle. This marginalized society consisted of artists and writers who defied societal norms. Manuel Machado and Valle-Inclán, less radical than their French counterparts, did not advocate for writing under the influence of alcohol. Both Machado and Valle-Inclán cultivated an image associated with bohemianism.
Modernist poetry often constructed idealized spaces, such as gardens, and idealized times, like melancholic autumns and sunsets. From 1900 to 1907, young poets emulated French Symbolism and Rubén Darío’s style. Darío’s poetry was characterized by its rebellious and sensual nature.
Evolution of Modernism
In 1907, two pivotal poetry collections were published: “Poetry” by Miguel de Unamuno and “Soledades” by Antonio Machado. Unamuno’s work established a philosophical Modernism that diverged from Darío’s influence. These books broadened the thematic scope of Modernism, incorporating themes of national regeneration.
The Avant-Garde Movements
Two significant avant-garde movements emerged in Spain:
- Ultraism: Led by minor writers, this movement produced the first Spanish avant-garde magazines.
- Creationism: Founded by Vicente Huidobro, this movement advocated a complete break from Western literary tradition, aiming to create a new world through poetry.
Key Figures in Spanish Modernism
Antonio Machado
Antonio Machado (1875-1939) was a prominent Spanish poet. His ideology was liberal and republican. His first book, “Soledades” (1903), reflected the influence of Darío and French Symbolism. In his second book, “Soledades, Galerías, Otros Poemas” (1907), Machado moved away from Darío’s style and incorporated elements inspired by Bécquer. He also developed the concept of “soul galleries,” representing introspection and self-discovery. “Campos de Castilla” (1912), his most acclaimed work, included love poems dedicated to his deceased wife, Leonor. His final poetry collection, “Nuevas Canciones” (1924), explored new themes and styles.
Juan Ramón Jiménez
Juan Ramón Jiménez‘s most significant period is associated with his “rhymes” phase. In 1904, he wrote “Jardines Lejanos” while in a sanatorium. His third stage, known as “pure poetry,” became a model for the Generation of ’27. In 1916, he married Zenobia Camprubí Aymar and moved to New York. “Diario de un poeta recién casado” (1917) blended free verse with prose poetry for the first time in 20th-century Spanish literature. His fourth stage spanned from the Spanish Civil War (1936) to his death in 1958.
The Avant-Garde
The Avant-Garde movements represented a radical departure from tradition. Fauvism, a 19th-century movement, employed vibrant and contrasting colors. Futurism, primarily developed in Italy and Russia, celebrated technology and war. Filippo Tommaso Marinetti was a key figure in Italian Futurism. Dadaism, originating in Switzerland, challenged logic and rationality. Surrealism, influenced by Sigmund Freud’s theories, sought to liberate the unconscious mind, emphasizing freedom of association and challenging the constraints of reason.