Morphemes, Nouns, Adjectives, and Pronouns
The Morpheme Gender
The gender morpheme is one of the constituent morphemes of the noun, together with other morphemes. Necessarily, all nouns belong to one gender or another. From the point of view of the signifier, nouns can be variable or constant. Invariant nouns do not allow variation. Variables allow variation in several ways, for example, replacing the -a brand for female: “clienta” (female client). From the point of view of meaning, they may be unmotivated, having no reason to belong to one gender or another. This group includes unchanged nouns. They may also be motivated, belonging to either gender due to differences in sex, size, or shape. For example, “customer” is due to a gender difference.
Syntactic Function of Nouns
Syntactically, the noun is the core of the noun phrase. It performs all functions except *Complemento Predicativo* (C. PVO), which only the verb plays.
Abstract and Concrete Nouns
Nouns can be concrete or abstract. Concrete nouns designate persons, animals, or things. Concrete nouns represent beings, situations, or things that are perceived and represented in the mind through images. “Newspapers,” “customers,” “books,” and “money” are concrete. Abstract nouns are beings or ideas that have no independent existence in reality. “Majority,” “truth,” and “hope” are abstract. The predominance of abstract nouns is used for the description and analysis of intangible concepts and aids in accuracy and conceptual rigor. The abundance of specific substantives allows the presentation of issues perceived by the senses.
Adjectives from the Semantic Point of View
Adjectives can be explanatory or specific. Explanatory adjectives have little news value but indicate a quality of the noun without defining or restricting its meaning; they often take precedence. These adjectives are carriers of value judgments. Specific adjectives have high informative value, provide essential information for the group selected by the noun it belongs to, and restrict or define its meaning. Often postponed. The deletion of a specified adjective can alter the meaning of the word. Denote objectivity.
Pronouns
A pronoun is a grammatical category that replaces a noun.
- Many is an indefinite pronoun. Formally, it is variable in gender and number. Here, it is masculine plural because it refers to clients. Functionally, from the syntactic viewpoint, it is the subject. According to its meaning, it has an anaphoric deictic value because it refers to “clients,” which has been mentioned before.
- Que (That) is a relative pronoun. Formally, it is invariable in gender and number; here, it is masculine plural because it replaces “readers.” Functionally, from the syntactic point of view, it acts as the link and the subject of a subordinate adjectival explanatory clause. According to its meaning, it has an anaphoric deictic value because it refers to “readers,” which has been mentioned before.
- The is an enclitic personal pronoun. Formally, it is variable in gender and number; here, it is masculine plural because it replaces “readers.” Functionally, from the syntactic point of view, it serves as a Direct Object (DO) because this pronoun always fulfills that role. According to its meaning, it has an anaphoric deictic value because it refers to “readers,” which has been mentioned before.
- Le is a personal pronoun. Formally, it is invariable in gender and variable in number; it refers to the 3rd person and is unstressed. Functionally, from the syntactic point of view, it serves as an Indirect Object (IO) because this pronoun always fulfills that role. According to its meaning, it has an anaphoric deictic value because it refers to “person,” which is a prefix.
Verbs Used
- Solía (Used to): 1st person singular imperfect indicative of the verb *soler* (to use to). It is a simple lexeme formed by *sol-* which provides the lexical information, and the morpheme of time, manner, and aspect *-ía*. This verb is irregular. This tense indicates a past action taken in its course. It has an imperfective aspect.
- Habría sido (Would have been): 3rd person singular conditional indicative of the compound verb “be.” It is a compound form, formed by the auxiliary verb “haber” (to have), which provides grammatical information: number, person, tense, and mood, and the participle of the verb “ser” (to be), which provides lexical information. In the compound forms of the verb, there are no irregularities; it has a perfective aspect (completed action).