Motor Skills Development: A Comprehensive Guide

Posted on Aug 1, 2024 in Physical Education

LONG QUESTIONS: THE GAME

The game is not a specifically human activity. All higher animal species, through play, introduce their children and animals into the world of movement. It is a voluntary and free activity of the body and human spirit. The game has a series of goals, among which we find:

Physiological:

  1. Biological activity that dynamically restores neuro-energy balance through energy release.
  2. This activity promotes nervous maturation.
  3. Activity related to somatic growth.

Psychological:

  1. An escape activity, free, unselfish, and enjoyable.
  2. It contrasts with the serious and binding nature of the most important activities of our existence.

The Game in Education

At the educational levels we are considering (childhood and primary education), the game is the main teaching tool, a means to achieve the basic objectives.

  1. Natural activity.
  2. Principal motivating learning environment.

All these features make the game the main environment for learning to work with children. As a global activity, it develops all aspects of child behavior: cognitive, motor, affective, and social. The most complete definition is that of Huizinga: “An occupation, free for the individual, with absolutely mandatory rules that are accepted voluntarily and that have an end in themselves.”

Nature of Play: Theoretical Explanations

Among many theories about the game, we know:

Biological:

  1. The game as rest or recreation.
  2. The game as energy release.
  3. The game as a wrap.
  4. The game as previous exercise.

Psychological:

  1. The game as catharsis.
  2. The game as an escape.

Types and Forms of Play

  1. Traditional games.
  2. Arcade games.
  3. Pre-sport games.

COORDINATION: Concept, Characteristics, Types

Coordination is a complex, multifactorial process consistently involved in human movement. It integrates all perceptual-motor factors, while its quality and effectiveness depend on the basic motor training of the individual. We emphasize the definition of Frey, “The ability to perform motor tasks with precision and economy, both in set tasks and in the unexpected.”

As for its classification, there are many different classifications of coordination. The most widespread and used is Jean Le Boulch’s, which distinguishes between:

  1. General Dynamic Coordination: Global domination and control of the body and a dynamic adjustment to the near or medium environment.
  2. Specific Dynamic Coordination: The relationship between eyesight and body segments.

TRAVEL: CONCEPT, CHARACTERISTICS, AND CLASSIFICATIONS

Considered the most important basic skill, as it is the base and sustenance of most other skills. Displacements are generally defined as the fact that our bodies move from one point to another in space. According to the classification we consider, there are two types:

a) Source:

  • Natural: Burger and Groll argue that such journeys have a natural movement style.
  • Built: Those produced by humans, with a particular way and with a view to a particular purpose.

b) Degree of Participation:

This classification is more interesting from the standpoint of motor activity. Following Serra, journeys, according to the degree of participation, are divided into:

  • Assets: Those in which the individual is ultimately responsible for their changes of position in space and travel conditions. Active movements, depending on their mechanical efficiency, are divided into:

    • Effective: walking, running, and leaping.
    • Less effective: crawling, climbing, and movements in the aquatic environment.
  • Liabilities: Those in which the subject is largely not responsible for their change of position in space or displacement. Included in this group are transport, drag, and landslides.

1. THE COORDINATED CAPACITIES: Balance

The function of balance is to maintain a relatively stable state, projecting the center of gravity at the base of support, whether at rest or in motion, maintaining control of our bodies in space.

Classification:

  • Static
  • Dynamic: Rebalancing – Equilibration

EVOLUTION

First stage: Static balance is improved on one foot with eyes closed and on both feet.

Second cycle: Being a stable period, coordination and physical abilities are improved, improving balance. For Rigal, static equilibrium progresses until the age of 9.

2. Coordinación Motive

Coordination, in general, requires the effective functioning of the central nervous system and the locomotor apparatus. It is the ability to regulate and control motor acts.

Classification:

  1. Overall momentum coordination.
  2. Specific coordination.
  3. Intermuscular coordination.
  4. Intramuscular coordination.

EVOLUTION

First stage: Up to 7 years of age, great improvements are experienced as a result of coordinative play. Overall dynamics are well coordinated.

Second cycle: For Hirtz, this is the age of intense development of coordination. It is the best age to work on the coordination process.

Human Movement, Postural Extensors, or Displacement

  1. Straightening
  2. Antibabinsky
  3. Step
  4. March
  5. Swimming
  6. Climbing
  7. Dragging

Basic Motor Patterns

These appear in the automatic evolution of primary and rudimentary movements, being closely associated with neuromuscular development. The first 5 years are crucial for their appearance.

1. Universality

Motor behaviors identify common features in all individuals, regardless of culture.

2. Phylogenetic

These patterns have been part of the evolution of the species (crawling, quadrupedal locomotion). The evolution of the human species led to an upright posture.

3. Pedagogical

To articulate a process of learning motor skills, attending to the levels of complexity and motor tasks.

Gross Motor Skills

These are considered generically as motor behaviors that evolve mainly from basic motor patterns. Characteristics of basic motor skills, among others: they are common to all individuals, are critical to motor development, and are the foundation of all subsequent motor learning.

Displacement

The fact that our bodies move from one point to another in space. Displacements are directly responsible for the changes in our body in space.

March

It is a locomotion with support produced by the successive and alternate action of the feet on the displacement surface, in which there is no aerial phase.

CARRERA

It consists of an alternative succession of supports of the lower limbs, with aerial phases of displacement.

Quadrupedal Locomotion

Displacement in which more than two supports are involved, so that segments above and below the horizontal plane are always involved.

Crawling

, climbing, and drives in the aquatic environment. -LIABILITIES. Q Those in the subject, is largely responsible for his change of position in space, nor desplazamiento.Se conditions included in this group, transport, drag and landslides.


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