Naturalism in Literature: A Comprehensive Guide to Its Principles, Authors, and Works
Naturalism in Literature: A Comprehensive Guide
Definition and Principles
Naturalism is a literary movement that emerged in the late 19th century, applying scientific principles and ideas to fiction. Naturalists believe that human behavior is driven by instincts and natural laws, and that truth can be found through observation and experimentation.
Key Principles of Naturalism
- Scientific Principles: Naturalists use scientific methods to study human behavior, introducing characters into experimental conditions to observe their interactions.
- Ordinary People in Extraordinary Circumstances: Naturalistic novels focus on common, everyday people facing extreme situations.
- Determinism: Naturalists believe that individuals’ fates are determined by factors beyond their control, such as heredity and environment.
Major Authors and Works
Emile Zola (1840-1902)
- Considered the father of Naturalism
- Wrote the influential essay”Le roman experimenta” (1880)
Theodore Dreiser (1871-1945)
- Known for his novel”An American Traged” (1925), a classic example of American Naturalism
Stephen Crane (1871-1900)
- Famous for his Civil War novel”The Red Badge of Courag” (1895)
Jack London (1876-1916)
- Wrote the adventure novel”The Call of the Wil” (1903), which explores the laws of nature through the story of a dog
Style and Techniques
- Symbolism: Naturalists use symbols to convey complex meanings in a few words or images.
- Details: Naturalistic works are rich in detailed descriptions of settings, characters, and emotions.
Historical Context
- Naturalism emerged during a period of scientific and technological advancements, when the intellect was valued over traditional beliefs.
- It was preceded by Realism in American literature, which also aimed for realistic portrayals of everyday life.
Variations of Naturalism
- France: Naturalism originated in France in the mid-19th century, with Zola as its leading figure.
- England: The term”naturalis” is not commonly used to describe English literature during the American naturalist period.
- Drama: Naturalism in drama focused on realistic details in costume, set design, and acting.
Themes in Naturalism
- Scientific Principles: Naturalists apply scientific principles to understand human behavior.
- Ordinary People in Extraordinary Circumstances: Novels explore the experiences of common people in extreme situations.
- Determinism: Characters’ fates are determined by external factors beyond their control.