Nietzsche’s Philosophy: Eternal Recurrence, Vitalism, and Critique
Nietzsche (1844-1900): Background and Influences
Nietzsche’s philosophy resonates with Heraclitus, especially concerning becoming and constant transformation. This is where the theory of Eternal Recurrence arises.
The influence of the Sophists is also critical in unleashing instincts, the law of the strongest, and the pursuit of pleasure.
Nietzsche belongs to a group of philosophers whose greatest concern revolves around life. They are known as Vitalists (Dilthey, Bergson, and Ortega).
The Era of Technical Progress and Social Change
He lived in an era (1870 – 1900) historically known as the “Age of Technical Progress,” characterized by the triumph of science and technology. The Industrial Revolution brought major changes affecting the minds of men, imposing positivism and seemingly unstoppable progress. Moreover, the masses began to participate in politics, with the generalization of democracy, universal suffrage, and participation. The labor movement was born.
The Dark Side of Progress
However, amidst these advances, people suffered the consequences of industrialization, including social abuses, the exploitation of women and children, poor social protection, and poor living conditions for workers in slums.
Colonialism and the Critique of Rationalism
Adding to this was the rise of Western powers (especially Britain and France) forming large colonial empires, leading to the dependence of large regions of what is now known as the Third World.
Simultaneously, a critique against both rationalism and positivism emerged. Intellectuals sought other spiritual values due to the dissatisfaction felt by the people of the time and the lack of moral perspectives. A pessimistic, somewhat nihilistic current made its appearance. The end of the nineteenth century was characterized by concern for life and anguish.
Intellectuals, like the “98 Europeans,” sought solutions to overcome the crisis of values in Europe.
Irrational currents and vitalism developed, opposing cold rationalism.
Nietzsche’s Critique and the Search for New Values
In this context, Nietzsche criticized the established system, seeking new values, fighting against repression and alienation, and seeking to embrace life.
Contradictions and Controversies
However, his works contain contradictions and a doctrine fraught with danger. For example, his ideas were foundational to German Nazism due to his theories of inequality, the higher man, and his attraction to “the fury of the Germanic beast.” Yet, he also influenced the May 68 French anarchist doctrines.
Darwin, the Superman, and the Affirmation of Life
Nietzsche was influenced by Darwin, believing that man need not be the last link in the development of species. He developed the thesis of the Superman, based on the eternal love for life, creativity, assertiveness, and self-interest in creativity as new values.