Nursing Through History

Posted on Oct 30, 2024 in Social sciences

1 .- COMMENT WAS THE ACTION OF THE MILITARY ORDERS

The sacralization of nursing.

As a result of the crusades, the military orders (brotherhoods) combines attributes of religion and chivalry, of militarism and charity in service to others.

Creation of “hospital” – in their areas of influence, within cities, cities were conquered .- divided between the different orders that had participated in the conquest, and these controlled and customs instituted among its neighbors.

* Hospital: A place where facilitated the transition from this world to another, only basic needs was helping .- eating / resting / drinking, as well as spiritual (the disease, defined as a penance to get to heaven)

2 .- WHAT ARE THE CAUSES FOR THE EXPANSION OF CHRISTIANITY

You can set the main cause, the political, social and religious of the Roman Empire, ie the need to believe, to change a stagnant society, corrupt and estates.

Christianity brings in his ideas, different concepts, ideas of comfort, salvation, all translated into a change.

Related causes – one common language,

– Freedom of travel from one part to another of the Empire
– Paul’s efforts, to promote and publicize the message of Jesus

3 .- WHAT HAD TO DO WITH CHRISTIANITY NURSING THROUGH THE STORY?

This related to the parable of the Good Samaritan.

Christianity established a series of works of mercy, practice related to poor, marginalized and the sick.

The hospital also is related by the nursing diagnosis in favor to the needy.

Example, compare:

Works of mercy nursing diagnosis:

Feeding the hungry – Altered nutrition
Give drink to the thirsty – Altered fluid intake
To comfort the sorrowful – Altered family processes
Clothe the naked – self-
care deficit – Hypothermia
Visit the imprisoned – self-esteem and communication deficit
Social isolation – Altered sexuality patterns – Altered role performance
House the homeless – Difficulty home maintenance
Self-care deficit and hygiene – Altered sleep patterns
Caring for the sick – Altered health maintenance – Self-Care Deficit
Burying the dead – Duel

Christianity is the main driver of the attention and care to the sick person and that because of the humanism of his ideas. Body care accounted Christians, the spiritual comfort and attention to the mind of patients.

4 .- a succinct THE PROCESS OF DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE

Health knowledge, share and evolve from the same prehistoric times, as related needs in the health care of the person and the group.

The man, in his creative relationship with the environment, has been able to survive and evolve as a species, but has been limited by its “body”

Diseases, assaults, accidents, etc.. Have made the man to need help.

HELP. Has been offered by other members of the collective knowledge they gained and developed through observation and experience and learn these practices from generation to generation, at first orally, then in writing.

Caring for sick, injured and disabled, and so on. Has represented in all societies present an important role and therefore the development of health knowledge, is none other than her humanity evolves.

In all cultures and throughout time have been specialists in health care, which has resulted in the development of different knowledge and skills according to social demands.

Aspects that have influenced the development of health knowledge:

1. Social organization
2. Consideration of the person
3. Concept of health
4. Type of health care
5. Supernatural, religious
6. Gender
7. War, military
8. Medicine
9. The type of knowledge

5 .- WHAT IS TRAGIC AND THE MYSTICAL IN HEALTH?

TRAGIC .- Pain, pain, disease outcome

MYSTIC Ignorance of the disease .-

Does it?

Union of the disease with the supernatural

6 .- BRINGS YOUR VISION OF THE REASONS WHY THE TERM “IATROI” WAS TRANSLATED BY MEDICAL REVIEW YOUR CURRENT INCOME AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN OTHER WORDS. RELATED SIMILARITIES WITH THE WORLD HEALTH.

IATROI .- Greek word can be translated as HEALER

IATROI was a compilation of the scribes of the empire, which collected basic nursing knowledge, highlighting aspects such as exercise, nutrition, public health (location of buildings, cemeteries), hygienic behavior patterns and so on., At the time.

The medical translation related to the fact that for centuries, the concept or the ability to heal, lay only in the doctor, seeking similarities and accommodating throughout history, regardless of the true role in time

7 .- What does Monasticism FOR NURSING IN THE MIDDLE AGES?

In the monasteries during the Middle Ages and later, guests were given due attention by the laws of charity and hospitality and community, while earning a merit dispensing warmth through the designated operator, did not suffer any alteration its peace and tranquility.

The monastic communities have always transmitted as an important way of entertainment show their service to society, later the xenodochia or nursing were annexed to these inns, where travelers patients could receive treatment appropriate healing …

The infirmary was a special building that was set aside for the comfort of the brethren and people ill and bedridden, there were the special care and attention they needed, in the hands of those who had entrusted this duty. A herbalist provided many of the remedies used.

The monasteries were great compilers of the arts, learning, and transcribers of manuscripts, took steps to guard the public health, and collected the necessary information through practice, to train other brothers, the knowledge to care for the sick.

8.-Feudalism WHAT posed in terms of SURVIVAL IN PURSUIT OF HEALING?

Feudalism was a system of patriarchal government which gave the men home, food and physical protection for their families. In exchange for these services, the tenants worked the land as farmers and soldiers became their masters in war.

In this era beliefs about the causes of the disease varied. The disease is sent by God, the cause of the disease was sin, which undoubtedly spent healing by divine intervention.

Patient care throughout this period was more a work of charity or mercy than justice, more equity than the state church, sarcedotes exercise more than doctors.

The fight against the disease to medicines through creenciales, empirical and technical.

Creenciales remedies were accepted in the common people because of superstition, mysticism and religious faith were widespread. Emerged wizards, witches, etc.., Who were persecuted. The religious interpretation was made from the Christian beliefs and there was always a holy-disease relationship and holy healer, even came to the procession of flagellants.

At the same time fighting the disease through empirical resources. In this area there were barbers, bleeders, surgeons, midwives and gossips.

Ordinary people continued to use empirical and creenciales remedies.

9 .- IF YOU TALK ABOUT THE SCHOOL OF NURSING ELIZABETH OF HUNGARY SCHOOL THAT WHAT WE TALK?

In the first nursing school in Spain, Madrid 1896, with 30 female students

Born following the criteria of different schools that were being created in Europe, under the influence of ideas or F. Nightingale.

– School attached to a good hospital
– Student internship scheme
– Moral dignified and positive
– Regulation of physical and hygienic

Founded by Dr. Rubio y Gali, surgeon and cytologist, had a most remarkable role in the process of creating new institutions capable from modernity to give a proper response to problems of an ancestral care.
Following the pattern of other nursing schools were opened in Europe and had met during his training in exile during the ambassador in London, created the School of Nursing Elizabeth of Hungary, within the heart of the Institute of Therapeutic Operational, 1896, the cradle of modern Spanish medical specialties.

10.-FLORENCE NIGTINGALE: ANY COMMENTS MADE BY THE BE REMEMBERED AND deserve to be in History books

One of his greatest achievements that earned him the recognition and honor throughout Britain and later the world was during the Crimean War.

She and her team focused their work on hygiene and food for wounded soldiers, which reduced mortality and ostensibly, from 42% to 2%, with basic resources, organized wards are clean and comfortable assistance adequate infirmary, efficient kitchens, recreation rooms for the wounded, laundry, …

He wrote the book “Notes on Nursing” translated into several languages, includes what is considered as principles of nursing, nursing schools believe, following the pattern writing.

Also regarded as the mother of the “Social Statistics” in their work provides data and statistics became, and these in the form of graphs, to evaluate the objectives and achievements.

11.-IN CONNECTION WITH THE NURSING WHICH IS THE REASON FOR THAT IS IN SUCH HIGH ESTEEM (F. NIGTINGALE) APPOINTMENT WILL ALWAYS BE ALL?

Of being the pioneer of modern nursing.

In his book “Nursing Notes” established principles of nursing practice, where we defined the concepts of the goal paradigm nurse.

F. MODEL NIGTINGALE (1859)

Person
Patient

Health
Absence of disease and ability to fully utilize resources

Environment
Set of external factors affecting the health of healthy people

Care
Own contribution of nursing to health care

This model was first written regency, which describes nursing as a professional action with its own specific contribution to health care

12 .- clearly states ATS BECAUSE THE TITLE OR NOT IDENTIFY THE CRITERIA OF NURSING PROFILES

ATS – Health Technical Assistant

Name incorporated into the 60’s, was an attempt to regulate and legislate health activities and auxiliaries, so I was given this title and academic consistency.

The fact is that for years has been a growing professional, academic and social development of nurses, so now the nurse is more than an administrator of injections, medication, cures responsible for minors, temperature and blood pressure control, etc. . It is an evolving professional needs more training to perform their work.

Spanish nursing, for only 25 to, thanks to their entry into college, she began to see beyond the prevailing medical model to prune the space defined within the knowledge and attention to the health of people in our country.

The current problem is that they are nurses as professionals, they have to develop within our context, our own model, and not let other models or theories, developed by people outside or away from our social, political, cultural, and remote professional development of nursing, wishing to establish our future.

13.-DEFINITION OF NURSING. MAKE AN ANALYSIS OF DEFINITIONS TO BE PROVIDED AND MOST WANTED ANY THEORY TO DETERMINE THE CONTRIBUTION OF NURSES THAT ARE NOT ON THE LIST

F. Nitingale; considers nursing as a religious vocation (women only), strengths, education, experience and observation.
Principle: Establish hygiene to prevent disease.

Virginia Henderson: The nurse assists the patient in essential activity for maintaining health and recovering from the illness or death in achieving peace
Introduction and development “criterion of independence” of the patient in the assessment of health.

Dorothy Pray: The nurse helps the individual to carry out and support yourself self-care actions to maintain health and life, recover from illness and / or face the consequences of it.

Hildegarde Peaplau: Interpersonal relations – “nurse – patient”
Incorporates nursing knowledge of the Behavioral Sciences, defends the model in which the psychological significance of events feelings, and behaviors could be exploited and incorporated into the interventions of the nurse, “Nursing psychodynamic”

Callista Roy: A system of knowledge that describe a process of analysis and action related to the care of individual sick or potentially
“Assessment – Intervention”

Martha Rogers: The nurse realizes through a planned process that includes collecting data, nursing diagnosis, the establishment of short and long term nursing care most suited to meet.

* Assumptions of Theories of Nursing

– Man needs the nurse
– Man has the capacity to improve their own health
– Knowledge of nursing throughout history has been linked to health and disease.
– The man interacts cte. With the environment
– Health is a positive value in society

* Trends in nursing theories:

– The natural tendency (ecologist) Concepts F. Nitingale,
Nursing care focuses as facilitators of the action that has on individuals Nature
– The trend of substitution or assistance: Models representative V. Henderson, D. Orem.
Relationship of the actions that the patient can not perform at a certain moment of a life cycle (disease, childhood, old age), encouraging a greater or lesser degree, self-care by the patient.
– The trend of interaction: models H. Peplau, Callista Roy, M. Rogers

Fundamental basis for the action of Nursing, the concept of relationships, whether interpersonal relationships (nurse-patient) or the patient’s relationships with their environment.

14 .- WHAT IS A FRAMEWORK?

Theoretical and conceptual framework, which frames and defines the existence of a certain course of action. Try to guide action in the civil professional care, teaching, administration and research.

Consisting of:

– Ideas and concepts inherent in the discipline
– Ideas and concepts selected from other areas or disciplines of science

The elements which form the “framework” of nursing and that are present in all theories or models are:

– The concept of Man
– The concept of Health
– The concept of environment
– The concept of Nursing Professional Role or

15 .- THE CONCEPT OF CARING

We define the principle of “care” as survival actions common to all species of the animal kingdom.

In people, is aimed at sastisfacer survival needs (eating, drinking, breathing, remove, rest, protect, etc) and do so much for himself as for their dependents, children, elderly, sick, disabled, etc..

The capacity to care is innate, but has a way of expression and cultural approaches that are developing and shaping the processes of learning (On Innate / acti. Learned)

When health practices transcend the natural (innate / learned) to search for the “welfare” is understood as Health Care.

———- Personal Care Health Care

Healthcare Purpose:

– Improve / maintain health
– Retrieve health
– Prevent complications of the disease
– Adapting to the disease

Responsibility of Health Care:

– The very person
– In the nearby
– The nurse

Care nurses, are intended to the satisfaction of the health care of the person / group, so it must be studied, analyzed and produced within a context that includes the person, health and environment.

Evolution care nurses:

– To the environment
– Towards the disease
– To the person
– Towards Interaction

CARE ORIENTATION:

1 .- ANALYZING THE IMPACT OF REFORM IN NURSING LUTHERAN MODERN

The Lutheran Reformation occurred in a historical moment as it relates to health care, hospitals are poorly equipped, were inhuman and technically poor, and became a refuge for homeless, marginalized, contagious diseases, crazy, dying, and ultimately , boarding houses where the socially uncomfortable.

Until now, health care, are more directed to the spiritual than the physical, the predominant word (in the sense of spiritual comforting, comfort the afflicted and prayer), on direct contact, since it is considered that caring the soul takes care of the body.

Along with the consequences of the Reformation, secular states begin to assume increased competition, regarding the care of patients, with a loss of religious feeling, which leads to a deterioration in the treatment of patients.

Of note in this period, the emergence of a primitive nurses, with the existence of a budding relationship in contractual hours and pay, but this situation meet the characteristics that determine an occupation as a profession, during the following centuries this will be defined into a profession.

The counter is to affirm the principle of unity among all believers and all levels of social activity, including in health care. Religious congregations are multiplying dramatically, and not only heals word, but it begins to give importance to physical healing, begin to specialize in the care of some specific groups of patients, sometimes to the formation of nursing approaches health clinics as in slums and poorer districts of cities, begins to develop the idea of ​​”health freedom from disease”

The new effect of Christianity on nursing PTO, influencing nursing education (secular or not) and the care giving skills and values ​​(religious and spiritual) around for a long time, almost to the integration of nursing studies in college.

In conclusion:

Provoked the Lutheran Reformation with the Counter-development and a shift towards the implementation of health care, by different religious congregations, those with aa influenced by military values, related to the care of wounded, the contributions of women lay-nurses, and their relationship with medicine, have established the foundations of modern nursing.

2 .- WHAT IS A FRAMEWORK? DEVELOPMENT OF IDEAS THAT MAKE YOUR ACTION REQUIRED

We’ll define it as conceptual and theoretical framework that frames and defines the existence of a certain course of action.

Consisting of:
– Ideas and concepts inherent in the discipline
– Ideas and concepts selected from other areas or disciplines of science.

Nursing needs a conceptual framework for guidance, analysis and evaluation of care process.

This framework represents the sort of phenomena that make nursing, and provides guidance for applying knowledge in all fields of practice and a benchmark for research.

Not having a concrete framework that care areas of the person, you can hardly get to keep track of what is considered optimal, necessary and appropriate, and so on. As they may include aspects that are important or relevant to the person and / or nurse in particular, but not for others, this could also occur as well, which consider aspects or areas of a person not related to the area of ​​professional responsibility. Moreover, an unorthodox approach and personal care yaa confusion leads to a lack of understanding among those involved in the process.

frame, to conceptualize and relate the phenomena of the reality of the nurse provides, serves to organize the actions and gather sufficient information to analyze the situation in question from the perspective of the model as well as to identify goals of care, the means to achieve and determine when these goals have been achieved.

The framework provides nursing:

– The person receiving care and family: Clear information about the care provided to you.
– A nurse and his team: better self-esteem and greater satisfaction with their work – a common language and unified criteria.
– The profession and discipline: Identity and Development – Validate theoretical constructs and make new contributions through research – contributing to the development discipline.

3. WHAT IS A PROFESSION? NURSING IS A PROFESSION?

Profession: employment, college or trade publicly that a person exercises. Distinguish between the professions and intellectual and manual skills that require more physical than intellectual.

Each profession provides a special service individuals and groups possessing a technical skill or characteristic.

Firmly established professions have organized associations and powerful, which function in part to control the members of the profession and provide a moral code and partly to ensure the special interests in every profession. (Great Universal Encyclopedia)

According to this definition, we can say that nursing is a profession, for they would publicly provided a special service related to the health of individuals, groups and individuals with specific technical skills of nurses who have done the same training, is a professional, where not register all members of the profession, which controls the moral code, common interests, intrusiveness, training, etc..

Today we think of nursing as a profession framed in the areas of health, with defined criteria and objectives to be achieved through a methodology that can be developed and progress in their specific field of knowledge.

We currently have a level of professional development and discipline that is giving rise to a current of opinion that are embodied in different papers, proposals and actions, among which include the development of the degree and qualifications.

4 .- THE MOST IMPORTANT DATES AND EVENTS DETERMINING THE CONSTITUTION OF THE SPANISH DURING NURSING nineteenth and twentieth centuries.

Nineteenth Century:

The figure of the practitioner who acts as surgeon smaller, and unifies the old barbers, surgeons, bleeders and Romantics

It is understood the number of beds per nurse to attend to the degree of severity of illness.

Concepción Arenal, try in prison reform and health, the need for nursing schools, failure

1896 – Opening 1 st School of Nursing by Dr. Rubio y Gali, St. Elizabeth of Hungary in Madrid.

TWENTIETH CENTURY:

1915 – establishing the title and nurses Signup

1917 – St. Matrona School – Barcelona

1919 – School of the Commonwealth of Catalonia

1923 – National School of childcare, where you can study “visiting nurse” and “Midwife puericultadora”

1924 – National Health School

1929 – School Nursing Home Valdecilla

30 years, the highest level of nursing activity because of the health infrastructure in the Second Republic.

Civil War begins an involution of the profession by the Women’s Section and retrograde laws, which seek to subject women to the domestic

1952 – created the title of Technical Assistant Health, unification studies practitioners, midwives and nurses

1977 – creates a Diploma of Nursing, the profession has allowed a university

5 .- ANALYSIS SUPPORTING THE MOST IMPORTANT FIGURES IN ANCIENT LITERATURE CLASSIC SPECIFICATIONS THAT MAY BE IDENTIFIED IN ANY WAY AS NURSING.

In classical antiquity, there is a shift from magic to religion and the development of print culture, which allows storage of knowing, knowledge is become a scientist. The disease begins to conceive and study as an event endogenous to the individual, scientific medicine gets, structuring knowledge, the physician becomes wise, but health care, which is still regarded as a manual activity, or with the nurse, who is considered not need special skills to do nursing.

“Presocratics”

– Differences between them have in common have attempted to provide a rational explanation of the perceptual world, proposing hypotheses about the structure of matter in the universe.
– I based all on the body of knowledge of the heritage of the people and for centuries had accumulated by farmers, growers, artisans, sailors, and so on. And that had been transmitted from father to son.

Aristotle:

– Founder of a natural thought that is the origins of natural science
– Establishes that the concepts we form from the experience with the mechanisms of perception, discrimination and memory, perception becoming the first foundation of science

Plato:

– Deductive reasoning (picture description phenomena) + research = Theory
– “THE REPUBLIC”
– “A healthy mind healthy body” In terms of health, consider the physical environment as an influencing factor in disease, incorporating the concept of environmental factors in maintaining health, losing in the Hippocratic writings on magic halo around related to health had so far.

Hippocrates (460-370 to C.)

– You are related to the development of scientific medicine.
– It establishes that the disease has no supernatural origin
– Provides first epidemiological explanations (importance of the environment)
– Balance between different biological fluids: blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile.

Hippocratic method: it consists in observing all, examine the person rather than the disease, make an impartial assessment and helping nature.

Principles:
– Observe all
– Examine the patient
– Make a partial evaluation
– Helping Nature

Hippocratic writings: collected guidelines and guidelines for the use of remedies as poultices, diet, use of cold and heat, and so on.

The medical assistants, only practical skills required for the implementation of the writings, while the doctor was who should know their properties and effects.

6 .- Can be extrapolated to current nursing FIGURES FIGURES OF HEALTH CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY?

If compared with the reality we find:

Science is developing, while manual work is an object of contempt. Activities that are considered today manuals are what we identify with the care of nurses, which is also subject to double disregard as practiced in, domestic sphere of women, servants and slaves.

The consequences of such marked distinction between theory and practice in classical times, resulting in an impediment to the development of nursing knowledge, as happens today with the academic qualification for Bachelor and Master level, which causes the same impairment development of nurses.

7 .- ACTIVITY IS NURSING EXCELLENCE FOR WOMEN?

If we claim the history, say yes.

Women have made over the centuries most of the work to maintain and restore health, their own family first and then those who needed some type of care to continue living.

Another factor is the social division of labor that relegates women throughout the ages to a type of work might be termed “secondary.”

From point of view of historical evolution of nursing, covering two major periods:

1 .- Vocational linked with the birth of hospitals

2 .- Professional women’s liberation movement, nineteenth century

Today, although most are women, predominantly in the profession (it is also in others), can not be considered activity par excellence, since the entry into the profession is not implicated by former or past events, if unconstitutional, setting the same conditions by sex, in exercising this or any other profession.

8 .- In your opinion, WHY IS THERE SO MANY PROBLEMS IN THE SPANISH OBTAIN THE DEGREE NURSING DEGREE IN NURSING?

The problem before the introduction of nursing to university status, with the diploma category.

When trying to organize our establishment have always influenced more people, organizations or professionals outside of our professional status, training, labor.

A nursing is branded as not being a science, and therefore could not evolve, it created the position of ATS, as the person who attends … And working under its guidelines, possessing some knowledge to develop their work and this knowledge has not evolved or developed.

Today’s nurses can be considered a science has developed the SAP as a scientific method or framework, has developed its own language “taxonomy” and continues to evolve as a scientific profession.

A problem has been that other professions such as medical, scientific development that saw an invasion or intrusion of his career and for years have held the right to a degree, relying on the lack of a conceptual framework, which now include nursing has in full swing.

It is hoped that the new establishment and standardization of university degrees in Europe, reaching the status of nursing degree, further develop and slowing their development training.

9 .- WHAT ARE THE MOST COMMON THEORY TO EXPLAIN THE DISEASE OF PREHISTORIC / Classical Antiquity?

PREHISTORY:

It was believed that disease was caused by spirits inhabiting nature (animals, rocks, plants, weather …) and that they had. This is called Animism

Magical rites used to make the spirits go away.

Gradually evolved and appeared Empiricism. Observing nature understood that there were elements that could be beneficial in certain circumstances.

The magic was mixed with natural remedies.

ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS:

Disease is believed that the disease is sent by the gods. Religion had an important role in the health of people.

The man born evolving and increasingly complex cultures: Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Rome

– Creating and cities, development politics, art, religion, philosophy and science

Mesopotamia:

They thought that the health / illness, life was controlled by the stars.
They created the astronomy and horoscopes for diagnosis and treatment.

Egypt:

Great knowledgeable about human anatomy, some diseases and surgical techniques.
Development of embalming.
Written compilation of known diseases and treatments, personal hygiene.

Greece:

The disease could be caused by the gods, bodily malfunction or bad habits.
The disease was defined as an imbalance between moods and start practicing the Hippocratic method in the analysis of symptoms.
Priests and Doctors (wise men) diagnosed, auxiliaries and women attended.
They realized the importance of lifestyle, hygiene, nutrition to stay healthy.

Rome:

Collect the knowledge of other cultures, Mesopotamian, Greek and Egyptian
The disease continues to be something divine, but there are ways to control it.
Pipeline Development, public baths, therapeutic massage …
Preventive medicine is born today.

10 .- What is a taxonomy?

TAXONOMY:

(Greek for “Tassis” order = “0 nomos law, shape) is the theory of management or rating.

Therefore amount to the theory and practice of delimitation (by affirmation, denial, difference) and management class data entities. The taxonomy includes not only because the classification system but also theory underlying this system and the methods used to construct the classification system.

TAXONOMY IN RELATION TO NURSING

In recent years, a major development of nursing science is the establishment of a common terminology to describe diagnoses and nursing care. Paradoxically, the self-named of these is far from common and can be found different expressions, without including:

• Standardized Terminology
• Nomenclature
• Classification System
• Diagnostic Classification
• Taxonomies
• Standardized Languages
• standardized language, and so on.

In any case, what matters is that under all these expressions is to increase the quality of care of patients, as well as the visibility of care through documentation that provides reliable information about the practice of nursing.

11 .- WHAT IS A LANGUAGE OF NURSING? PON EXAMPLES OF CONCEPTS OF NURSING

The language of nursing is the way to express our knowledge to improve the daily practices allowed by a description, explanation and prediction of phenomena, common in our profession.

This language allows us to develop guidelines for practice, research, administration and teaching in nursing.

Examples:

CONCEPT: Thinking in words, appearance, quality, title
NURSING: Tag reflecting an idea, gives its name to the elements which contribute to our practice

DEFINE / DEFINITION: Secure with clarity, accuracy and precision the meaning of a word or the nature of a person or thing
NURSING: Define the meaning of concepts, which can be related and to clearly describe the event or phenomenon sick.

FACT: Something that happens
NURSING: Indicates what we know with certainty and that could be universalized.

PHENOMENON: Any appearance or manifestation
NURSING: Perception and notes that what we name this subject to the discretion of the observer and therefore is not universalized.

ASSUMPTION: Assumption, hypothesis. What is assumed or taken for granted. Acceptance of a term instead
NURSING: Statements which are admitted as true without proof or demonstration.

PARADIGM: example or examples
NURSING: Regarding the construction of a model or theory.
The set of beliefs, values, principles, laws, theories and methodologies that serve as reference for the development of science.

MODEL: theoretical framework, usually in mathematical form, a system or a complex reality, which is made easier to understand and study their behavior.
NURSING: A composite structural design concepts and related organized.

Theory: Knowledge speculative considered independently of any application. Series of laws that serve to relate certain order of phenomena.
NURSING: A group of concepts, definitions and propositions that project a systematic view of phenomena, designating specific relationships between concepts, in order to describe, explain, predict and / or control phenomena.

12.-NURSING HAVE MEANING WHAT WORKS OF MERCY?

The Christian religion introduced two fundamental changes: a consideration other than the sick person and a new standard based on charity, on the relationship between human beings.

Illness and suffering depended on the will of God and the assistance to the sick, elderly, orphans, poor and helpless was seen as manifestations of virtue and mercy.

People who cared for the sick and destitute of his life were a permanent act of service to God. The charity was deemed the highest Christian virtue and the New Testament led to eternal life.

Monasteries and convents became centers of charitable and offering all kinds of shelter care services for poor, sick, destitute, elderly, women on tape … Becoming the first such centers in hospitals, nursing homes and orphanages. E n them more than medical care were provided accommodation and care of hygiene and relief of suffering for patients.

In medieval times the church completes its charitable function and merciful relief system by developing a regular church, sheltering pilgrims, unhappy and orphans. Sometimes the relief was at home, and consisted of visits to the sick in their homes.

In the XVI, XVII and XVIII in hospitals profiled the work of nursing

In conclusion we can say that works of mercy at the time made possible a religious nursing, where the points of reference and some of his motivations were ethical inducing some professional development. Likewise we must recognize that the values ​​of Christianity in our culture, have made a way of understanding and nursing.

13.-ANALIZA HISTORY “PAE” and said Where are the fears for their implementation

NURSING PROCESS (SAP)

Application of scientific method in the detection of health problems of individual and / or community and establishment of nursing care.

OBJECTIVE

Incorporation of scientific methodology as an essential element for the development of nursing, and later settlement, as a science in the block of the health sciences.

FEAR OF YOUR APPLICATION:

More than a fear we could say that a deficiency in education or training of nurses, the nursing profession has evolved over the past 50-60 years, in a manner consistent, to achieve scientific status, having to start from a foundation covering new concepts of training, work, research (development and publication), a taxonomy of nursing diagnoses, a new technology, etc …

The obstacles on the road has been steady since the collision with the medical branch, to the nurses themselves, who lack interest or training, develop cost them, having to attend training from the university to generate the promotion promotion SAP development and implementation.

EVOLUTION:

1 º F. Conceptual model .- NIGTINGALE – laid the foundation for nursing research, yet these were never transmitted as part of educational tradition

2 ° First decades Si. XX, several nurses were incorporated within the profession research methods used by other professionals in other fields of science and education

3 rd Middle Yes. XX, sets big challenges for the profession:
– That the university schools of nursing are
– The term nurse practitioner is used to refer to university graduates in nursing
– The achievement of adequate remuneration for professional nursing services.

This implies that the nurse should be responsible for nursing care and quality of services.

Hospitals begin to consider a nursing student, as it is and not facility staff

Begin to facilitate the development of nursing research

The beginning of research in the nursing field, begins slowly, but since then it has progressed significantly. They had to be changes in the educational preparation and skills of nurses so that they could accept the responsibility to conduct …

Start the theoretical development and the formal separation of nursing from medicine especially as the targeting of the disease is concerned.

4 th 1953, published the first model of nursing (Hildegarde Peaplau). The nursing profession began to formalize and systematize the parameters of a body of knowledge itself.

5 º 60 ‘, Dorothy Johnson and Ernestine Wiedenbach, devised methods to study and identify the stages of PAE (each one different)

6 th late 60’s, great efforts are made to define and develop a specific terminology PAE giving a scientific approach.

8 º 70, some nurses with qualifications of Dr., develop lines of research provide important strategies in teaching, management and support.

Questioning by the self-nursing, nursing as a scientific discipline, which encourages discussion, which resulted in a more theoretical and academic development.

9 th in the 80’s onwards, there was the acceptance of nursing as a discipline in the scientific community, with the corresponding acceptance of concepts, domain scope and boundaries of the nursing paradigm, to which we can envision a future of complete acceptance science as a body of knowledge defined and substantiated in practice.

10 ° Today we say that the PAE has been modeled after the scientific method, and thereby obtaining a systematic approach to alterations and / or health risks of individuals, groups or communities.