Liquid Bore & Elastic Bellows Manometers, PAM and SPM Uses
Liquid Bore Manometer (LBM)
Definition
A Liquid Bore Manometer (LBM) is a type of manometer used to measure small pressure differences of gases or liquids. It consists of a uniform narrow glass tube (bore) partially filled with a manometric liquid (usually mercury or a colored liquid).
Construction
- A long, uniform bore glass tube bent into a U-shape or inclined form
- Filled with manometric liquid
- One end connected to the pressure source
- Other end open to the atmosphere (or connected to another pressure
Origins and Biochemistry of Life: Key Concepts for Exams
Origins and Composition of Life (Ch. 1, L2)
Origins
- Earth formed: ~4.54 billion years ago (bya) (textbook consensus).
- Prebiotic world: before life emerged (~4.5–3.5 bya), the atmosphere contained H₂O, N₂, CO₂, CH₄, NH₃, SO₂, with energy from lightning and UV radiation.
- First evidence of life: ~3.5 billion years ago.
Composition of life
- ~70% water.
- Major dry weight: C, H, O, N (~87%), plus P, S, K, Ca, Mg.
Functional groups (must memorize)
- Amine (can be protonated at pH 7).
- Carboxyl (deprotonated
Indian Tax Residency Rules and Income Incidence
VII. Residential Status and Incidence of Taxation
A. Determination of Residential Status of an Individual (Section 6)
The residential status of an individual is determined for each Previous Year and is purely based on the duration of stay in India. It is separate from citizenship, domicile, or nationality.
The individual can be classified into one of the following three categories:
- Resident and Ordinarily Resident (ROR)
- Resident but Not Ordinarily Resident (RNOR)
- Non-Resident (NR)
Step 1: Check for ‘Resident’
Read MoreMicroeconomics: Taxes, Subsidies, and Utility Maximization
1. Taxes, Subsidies, and Deadweight Loss (DWL)
This topic analyzes how government intervention (taxes or subsidies) affects market equilibrium, consumer surplus (CS), producer surplus (PS), and total efficiency (DWL).
Key Formulas & Concepts
Tax Wedge:
A tax ($\tau$) drives a wedge between the price buyers pay ($P_d$) and the price sellers receive ($P_s$).$P_d = P_s + \tau$
The new equilibrium quantity ($Q_t$) is found where $Q_d(P_d) = Q_s(P_s)$.
Subsidy Wedge:
A subsidy ($s$) also creates a wedge,
ज्ञान, धारणा और पाठचर्या: शिक्षाशास्त्र व अधिगम सिद्धांत
ज्ञान और धारणा के मध्य अंतर
प्रश्न
यह रहा “ज्ञान और धारणा के मध्य अंतर” पर विस्तृत उत्तर — जो B.Ed., शिक्षक प्रशिक्षण या उच्च कक्षा की परीक्षा में पूछे जाने वाले वर्णनात्मक प्रश्नों के अनुरूप है:
प्रश्न
Read MoreMaster English Vocabulary and Grammar Skills
Vocabulary (Plus)
Exercise 1: Literary Genres
- fairy tales
- poems
- video
- novels
- myths
- play
- biographies
- short stories
- history
- translation
Exercise 2: Story Elements
- character
- folk tales
- director
- plot
- ending
- acts
- author
- characters
- setting
- non-fiction
Exercise 3: Phrasal Verbs
- shout out
- takes … back
- ’ll feed back
- go back
- has … moved on
Exercise 4: Sentence Structure and Adverbs
- In the end, it doesn’t really matter what we do. / It doesn’t really matter what we do in the end.
- Have you seen any good films recently?
- We’re off
Gratuity, Pension Tax Rules and Residential Status in India
Q. 4. Give a Detailed Note on the Following
(i) Gratuity
Gratuity is a monetary benefit paid by an employer to an employee in recognition of past service. It is generally paid at the time of retirement, resignation, death, or termination, provided the employee has completed a specified number of years of service.
The taxability of gratuity under Section 10(10) of the Income Tax Act depends on the type of employee:
A. Government Employees (Central / State / Local Authority)
- Gratuity received by a government
Keynesian Multiplier and Fiscal Policy Effects
Keynesian Multiplier Effect
The idea of compensating changes in private demand with changes in public expenditure rests on the Keynesian Multiplier. An increase in public spending increases domestic production, which also increases agents’ disposable income in the economy. In turn, these revenues are used to finance consumer demand and investment, leading to a further increase in production, which generates more income, and so on. Multiplier:
Conclusion 1: Haavelmo Theorem
An increase in government
Read MoreIris Marion Young’s Critique of Justice and Oppression
Iris Marion Young was a prominent political philosopher whose critical thinking significantly influenced contemporary debates on justice, democracy, and social oppression. Her work is marked by a sustained critique of traditional liberal political theory and an emphasis on structural injustice and the lived experiences of marginalized groups.
Rejection of Ideal Theory and Focus on Structure
A central aspect of Young’s critical thinking is her rejection of ideal theory, particularly theories of justice
Read MoreCatholic Social Doctrine: Property, Labor, and Economy
19th-Century Social Context and the Church
The 19th-century social context led to the development of the Social Doctrine of the Church (SDC) and specific doctrinal responses to the economic systems of that era.
Social Consequences of Industrialization
The period was defined by harsh social outcomes resulting from the new industrial economic system:
- Widespread Misery: The masses lived in a state of “utter poverty.”
- Social Degeneration: Rapid industrial expansion, scientific discoveries, and a shift in