Obscenity Law Evolution: The Fanny Hill Story
SECTION 1 – Passage Identification (40 points)
💡 Tip: Memorize title + date + key idea.
1️⃣ First Amendment (1791) → Protects freedom of speech but does not define its limits. Key cases: Roth v. U.S., Miller v. California.
2️⃣ Fourteenth Amendment (1868) → Applies constitutional rights to states, influencing censorship laws.
3️⃣ Regina v. Hicklin (1868) → Obscenity = any material that could “corrupt.”
4️⃣ Comstock Act (1873) → Bans obscene materials, contraceptives, and
Read MoreCommon English Phrases and Word Meanings
Vocabulary Definitions and Terms
- Brief
- Containing few words.
- Wealthy
- Rich.
- A fact of life
- Something that cannot be changed.
- Steel
- Strong (like).
- Layer
- Level.
- A safeguard
- Protective measure.
- To pay off
- A positive result brought about by hard work.
- Death toll
- The number of people who have died.
- Not stand a chance
- To have no possibility of achieving something.
- Beyond someone’s means
- More than one can afford.
- Withstand (withstood, withstood)
- To resist successfully.
- To crumble
- Break or fall apart into small pieces.
- To shake
- Tremble
Workplace Stress: Types, Impact, and Prevention Strategies
Workplace Stress: Concept, Impact, and Prevention
Definition
“Stress is a substantial perceived imbalance between demand and individual response capability, under conditions where failure to meet this demand has important perceived consequences.”
Causes of Workplace Stress
- Inappropriate workplace environment
- Excessive workload
- Alteration of biological rhythms
- High levels of responsibility and major decisions
- Slow and monotonous pacing
- Inadequate working conditions
Types of Stress
-
Eustress and Distress:
Eustress
Scientific Revolutions: Copernicus, Newton, Einstein
What is a Scientific Theory?
A scientific theory is a set of ideas or hypotheses (assumptions) that satisfies two conditions: it must align with observations or recorded data, and it must not contradict fundamental concepts.
The Copernican Revolution: Sun-Centered Universe
For about 2,000 years, from the time of Aristotle until after Columbus’s voyages to the New World, it was believed that the Earth was the center of the universe (the geocentric theory). The shift to the Copernican heliocentric theory,
Read MoreSpanish Constitutional Principles for Taxation and Finance
Normative Nature of Constitutional Principles
Constitutional principles are fundamental elements of the financial system and its institutions (including compulsory contributions or “tributo”, credit revenue, public assets, and the Budget). They are legally binding and possess normative value. We must consider the following:
- Direct Normative Value: The Spanish Constitution (SC) is the supreme norm of the legal order, subjecting both citizens and public authorities to its provisions. This normative
The Role of Costumes in Performance and Character Definition
Defining Costumes in Performance
Costumes encompass all clothing (dresses, suits, etc.), accessories, and footwear used in a stage performance.
Wardrobe is a key visual element of staging, akin to props, and crucial for maintaining continuity. A character cannot wear a hat in one scene and suddenly be without it in the next if the action is continuous. For example, if a character leaves a bar wearing a hat, they should still have it immediately upon stepping onto the street; otherwise, it creates
Read MoreOrtega y Gasset: Philosophy, History, and Vital Reason
Ortega’s Historical Context
The historical context in which the Spanish thinker’s thought arises is marked internationally by:
- The two World Wars (1914-1918 and 1939-1945), wars that forced human beings to confront their lack of rationality and capacity for barbarism in managing and resolving conflicts.
- The Russian Revolution (1917).
- The rise of Italian Fascism under Mussolini.
- National Socialism under Hitler in Germany.
- Stalinist Soviet totalitarianism.
Ortega criticized these forms of power consolidation
Read MoreOrtega’s Ratiovitalism: Vital Reason, Life, and Circumstance
Understanding Ratiovitalism: Ortega’s Vital Reason
Ratiovitalism is the doctrine of vital reason. It stands somewhere between rationalism and vitalism. Life involves reasoning about the circumstances in which we live. Therefore, reason must always be linked to life.
Knowledge, Thought, and Historical Reason
Ortega distinguishes between thinking (the attitude by which humans give meaning to their circumstances) and knowledge (an activity of thought aimed at giving meaning to the world).
He criticizes
Read MoreUnderstanding Infection and Immunity
Infection and Immunity
What is Infection?
Infection is the clinical term for the colonization of a host organism by external species. In clinical use, infection implies that the colonization is harmful, making the organism a pathogen.
What is Immunity?
Immunity describes having sufficient biological defenses to avoid infection, disease, or other unwanted biological invasion. Immunity has both specific and nonspecific components. Nonspecific components act as barriers or eliminate pathogens before
Read MoreSQL Clauses Operators Functions Reference
SQL Clauses
| Clauses | How to Use It | Functionality |
|---|---|---|
| CREATE TABLE | CREATE TABLE table_name ... | Creates a new table |
| INSERT | INSERT INTO table_name ... | Inserts new data into the table |
| SELECT | SELECT col1, col2 ... | Retrieves specified columns |
| SELECT | SELECT * FROM ... | Retrieves all columns from a table |
| FROM | FROM table_name | Specifies the table(s) from which to retrieve data |
| WHERE | WHERE col > 5 | Filters rows based on specified conditions |
| UPDATE, SET | UPDATE table_name SET column1 = value1; | Updates column values for all rows (or specific |