Marxist Theory: Value, Surplus, and Capital Accumulation
Chapter 2: The Qualitative-Value Problem
1. Commodity – The Starting Point
A commodity = anything made to sell, not for personal use.
Marx studies exchange as a social process, not just a trade of things.
2. Two Sides of a Commodity
- Use Value → Usefulness (satisfies wants).
- Exchange Value → How much it trades for.
Marx focuses on exchange value because it shows social relations in capitalism.
3. Value Comes from Labor
The value of a commodity comes from labor used to produce it.
Labor has two sides:
Read Moreਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਜੋੜ ਅਤੇ ਵਿਆਕਰਨ ਦੇ ਮਹੱਤਵਪੂਰਨ ਨਿਯਮ
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਜੋੜਾਂ ਦੇ ਮੁੱਖ ਨਿਯਮ
ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਸ਼ਬਦਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਸਹੀ ਢੰਗ ਨਾਲ ਲਿਖਣ ਲਈ ਕੁਝ ਮਹੱਤਵਪੂਰਨ ਨਿਯਮ ਹਨ, ਜਿਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਅਪਣਾ ਕੇ ਅਸੀਂ ਲਿਖਤ ਵਿੱਚ ਇਕਸਾਰਤਾ ਲਿਆ ਸਕਦੇ ਹਾਂ। ਮੁੱਖ ਤੌਰ ‘ਤੇ ਇਹ ਨਿਯਮ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ,
Read MoreFrench Revolution Causes, Phases and Napoleonic Legacy
Impact of the Enlightenment and American Revolution
A. The impact of the Enlightenment and the American Revolution
Enlightenment principles and the American Revolution gave the bourgeoisie new ideas to help them confront absolutism and the stratified state system of society. They proposed new forms of social organisation and government. All of this led to the revolutionary cycle that began in France in 1789.
The social and economic crisis
The economic crisis was the result of a series of poor harvests
Two-Way Slab Design Calculations: Steps and Formulas
Step 1: Design Constants
For M20 & Fe415:
τc max = 1.4 N/mm² (from IS:456 Table 73)
σ = 2.76 (used in moment capacity formula)
Step 2: Effective Span Calculation
Slab Type Check
Cy/Cx = 6/4 = 1.5, which is < 2 → Two-Way Slab Panel
Effective Depth Calculation
Using IS 456 empirical formula:
$$\frac{L}{d} = \text{MF} \times \text{BF}$$
Basic factor (BF) = 26
Modification factor (MF) = 1.3
$$d = \frac{L}{\text{MF} \times \text{BF}} = \frac{6000}{1.3 \times 26} = 177.51 \, \text{mm} \approx 180 \, \
Read MoreTop Global Travel Destinations: Seville, Kyoto, Tangier, Venezuela
Travel Highlights: Four Unique Global Destinations
Seville, Spain (Lucas)
Seville is a Spanish city in the southwest of Spain and the capital of Andalusia. It has a unique and rich history that attracts many tourists each year.
Seville is best known for its majestic cathedral and the beautiful Alcázar, both of which are declared World Heritage sites by UNESCO. The Plaza de España is a giant square where you can find representations of all the provinces of Spain in alphabetical order, and you can
Savory Eggplant and Cauliflower Vegetable Recipes
Delicious Vegetable Dishes
Broiled Eggplant with Creamy Tahini Dressing
Even if you aren’t a big eggplant fan, you might enjoy this despite yourself. Broiled eggplant has a crunchy and meaty texture, and the tahini dressing makes the salad rich and creamy.
Ingredients:
- 1 medium eggplant, sliced into circles
- 1 tbsp lemon juice
- 1 tbsp tahini
- Sprinkle of chili flakes (optional)
- Fresh dill, finely chopped (optional)
- Salt and pepper to taste
Instructions:
- Turn on your oven’s broiler. Arrange the slices of eggplant
Python Data Structures: Dictionaries, Strings, and Functions
Python Data Structures Fundamentals
Dictionaries: Key-Value Storage
A Python dictionary is a collection of key-value pairs used to store data in an unordered, mutable structure. You create a dictionary using curly braces {} with key-value pairs, for example: my_dict = {"name": "Alice", "age": 25}. You can also use the dict() constructor to create dictionaries.
Accessing values is done by referring to their keys: my_dict["name"] returns “Alice”.
Adding, Updating, and Removing Items
You add or update items
Read MoreKey Concepts and Definitions in Indian Income Tax Law
Difference Between Gross Total Income (GTI) & Total Income (TI)
The main difference between Gross Total Income (GTI) and Total Income (TI) lies in the deductions allowed under Chapter VI-A (Sections 80C to 80U) of the Income Tax Act, 1961.
Gross Total Income (GTI)
GTI is the aggregate income calculated by summing up the income computed under the five heads of income, after allowing for certain set-offs and carry-forwards of losses.
- Heads of Income: Salary, House Property, Profits and Gains of Business
Microsoft Fabric Configuration and Optimization Solutions
Fabric Tenant and Workspace Management
Scenario: You have a Fabric tenant that contains a workspace.
- User Capabilities: User1 can connect to DW1 via the Azure SQL Analytics endpoint.
- XMLA Read-Write Access: To ensure read-write access to DS1 via the XMLA endpoint, you must first modify the C1 settings.
- Fabric Admin Portal Recommendations:
- From the Tenant settings, set Allow XMLA to Enabled.
- From the Capacity settings, set XMLA to Read Write.
- From the Tenant settings, ensure the relevant feature is set
The Dark Origins and Defining Features of Gothic Fiction
Gothic Fiction: Origins and Core Features
Gothic fiction emerged as a response to 18th-century rationality, pushing back against the Enlightenment and romantic idealism. As a genre, it exposes the darker sides of humanism and the Enlightenment, often focusing on supernatural threats, human evil, and social transgression.
Though Gothic writing isn’t entirely negative, it is deeply fascinated with the irrational, evoking ambiguous emotions surrounding boundaries and power in a world increasingly dominated