Constitutional Rights in Pakistan: 1973 Framework
1. Introduction
Fundamental rights are the basic rights of the citizens. In the Constitution of 1973, the list of fundamental rights has been given, and it has also been clarified that any law repugnant to these fundamental rights will be considered null and void. Every democratic state recognizes the fundamental rights of its citizens.
2. Relevant Provisions
Articles 8–28
3. Objective Resolution as Part of the Constitution
The principles and provisions set out in the Objectives Resolution are a substantive
Read MoreHuman Anatomy: Systems, Chemistry, and Cell Biology
Organ Systems and Their Functions
| System | Major Function |
|---|---|
| Integumentary | Protects the body and regulates temperature (skin, hair, nails). |
| Skeletal | Supports the body, stores minerals, and produces blood cells. |
| Muscular | Responsible for movement and posture. |
| Nervous | Fast communication and control of body responses. |
| Endocrine | Hormone secretion for internal regulation. |
| Cardiovascular | Transports nutrients, gases, and wastes (heart, blood vessels). |
| Lymphatic | Immune response and fluid balance (lymph nodes, spleen). |
| Respiratory | Facilitates |
Educational Theories and Classroom Practice: Deficit, Schema, and Discourse
Academic Responses: Key Educational Concepts
1. Deficit Theory: Analysis, Criticism, and Implications
Deficit Theory, commonly associated with the work of John Ogbu and earlier sociolinguistic theorists, explains academic underachievement among students from disadvantaged, minority, or marginalized backgrounds by attributing it to deficiencies in their language, culture, or home environment. According to this theory, such learners enter school without the linguistic competence, cognitive stimulation,
Read MoreXBRL Standard and Financial Statement Structure for Service Businesses
eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) Fundamentals
eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) is an open international standard for the electronic communication of business and financial data. It is essentially a markup language (like HTML for web pages, but based on XML) specifically designed to make financial information machine-readable.
Instead of treating a financial report as an image or a static PDF document that humans can read, XBRL uses digital tags to identify each individual
Read MoreBusiness Management Principles and Core Functions
Fundamentals of Management
Definition of Management
Management is the process of planning, organising, staffing, directing, and controlling to achieve organizational goals.
Objectives of Management
- Organisational: Profit and survival
- Social: Society welfare
- Personal: Employee needs
Importance of Management
- Achieving goals: Target fulfilment
- Efficiency: Cost reduction
- Development: Growth
Levels of Management
- Top: Policy making
- Middle: Implementation
- Lower: Supervision
Nature of Management
- Science: Systematic knowledge
- Art:
Global Society Dynamics: Governance, Diversity, and Progress
The Dynamics of Multiculturalism
Multiculturalism promotes the coexistence of multiple cultures, leading to greater exposure to diverse traditions, languages, cuisines, and worldviews. This societal structure brings both significant benefits and inherent challenges.
Benefits of Cultural Pluralism
- Cultural Pluralism and Social Enrichment: Multiculturalism promotes the coexistence of multiple cultures, leading to greater exposure to diverse traditions, languages, cuisines, and worldviews.
- Inclusive Society
Everyday English Dialogues for Travel, Dining and Study
Everyday English Dialogues: Travel, Dining & Study
Prueba 1 — Travel and Shopping Dialogues
- Emily: I need a new bag for the trip. Which one do you think is nice?
- Laura: Well, the small one, because the big one is heavier.
- Emily: Yes, but which bag do you prefer?
- Laura: The small one is more expensive.
- Emily: Hmmm. I think the big one is more beautiful than the small one.
- Laura: Yeah, you are right, but it’s not very practical for a trip.
- Emily: How much are they?
- Salesperson: Well, they are $239.99.
Global Energy Systems and Power Generation Technologies
Energy Resources and Power Engineering Principles
Energy resources in the environment can be divided into renewable and non-renewable.
Classification of Energy Resources
Renewable resources include:
- Solar energy
- Wind energy
- Geothermal energy
- Biomass energy
- Hydropower (water-course energy)
- Waves and tides energy
Non-Renewable sources are organic fuels and nuclear fuels.
- Organic fuels include hard coal, brown coal, peat coal, bituminous shales, petroleum, natural gas, and synthesis gas.
- Nuclear fuels include
Viral Infections: Persistence, Latency, and Immune Evasion
1. Defective-Interfering Particles and Persistent Infections
2. Viral Nucleic Acid Sensing by Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
Two PRR Classes Sensing Viral Nucleic Acids:
- RIG-I–like Receptors (RLRs): Recognize viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) present in the cytoplasm.
Essential Academic Thinking and Writing Skills
1. Critical Thinking (130 words)
Critical thinking refers to a disciplined way of examining ideas, arguments, and situations before forming a judgment. It requires learners to observe attentively, gather relevant information, and analyze it objectively. Instead of accepting information at face value, a critical thinker questions assumptions, evaluates sources, and compares different viewpoints. The textbook states that critical thinking includes listening, observing, gathering data, and organizing
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