The Structure and Sources of English Law
The English Legal System: An Introduction
In most European countries, judges interpret the legal code. In the English legal system, however, judges have a dual role:
- They interpret the existing law, which is found in legislation and previous decisions of higher-ranking courts.
- They create the law by establishing legal principles that courts lower down the hierarchy must follow.
The Hierarchical Structure of English Courts
The English Court System is arranged in a hierarchical structure. The Supreme Court
Read MoreFoundations of Mexican Constitutional Law and Human Rights
Core Concepts of Mexican Jurisprudence
Human Rights and the Legal Order
Human Rights Definition
Human Rights are those freedoms, faculties, institutions, or claims related to primary or basic goods inherent to any person, simply by the fact of being human, intended to guarantee a dignified life.
Foundation of Human Rights
The foundation of human rights is the social value of human dignity.
Philosophical Foundations of Human Rights
- Natural Law
- Ethical or Moral Foundations
- Legal Positivism
Supreme Court and
Read MoreThe Political Regime of Francoism: Structure and Ideology
The Francoist Regime: Core Characteristics
International and Internal Recognition
The regime established by Franco had good relationships with its peers, namely Hitler’s Germany and Mussolini’s Italy. This external support was crucial, leading to Franco’s military victory and subsequent international recognition as a leader, as well as internal recognition as the savior of Spain.
The resistance did not constitute a major nuisance. The middle classes offered passivity, while economic elites and peasants
Read MoreEconomic and Social Transformation: 1750–1870
Causes of the Industrial Revolution
- The political situation reconciled the interests of the landed aristocracy and the bourgeoisie.
- Population growth increased the demand for products and labor.
- Improvements in transport and communications boosted trade and favored the formation of an internal market.
- Abundant availability of energy and mineral resources favored British industrial development.
- Agricultural transformation supported population growth.
Technical Change and Labor Organization
- Technical changes
Descartes’ Philosophy: Existence, Dualism, and the Mechanical World
Descartes: Existence of God and the World
The Ideas and the Idea of God
Descartes realizes that he is a finite and imperfect being, making his own mind aware of its limitations and imperfections. Ideas, according to Descartes, present thought in a double dimension:
- Objective: Ideas are pictures or representations of things.
- Subjective: Ideas, considered in themselves, cannot be false.
Descartes states that there are three kinds of ideas:
- Adventitious: Ideas that come from outside the subject (e.g., sensory
Aircraft Emergency Procedures: Forced Landing & Go Around Training
Simulated Forced Landing Procedures (SFL)
Objective
Prepare the student to handle and execute engine failure during solo flight, ensuring a safe approach and landing outside the traffic pattern.
General
Requires the presence of an instructor.
Task Checklist (Emergency Flow)
- Throttle
- Propeller
- Mixture
- Fuel Pump/Primer/Boost Pump (F PPB)
- Fuel Selector
- Establish Best Glide Speed
- Trim
Determine the wind direction and select a suitable landing site. Follow a traffic pattern, utilizing full flaps as appropriate.
On
Read MorePlant Nutrition Mechanisms: Photosynthesis and Nutrient Uptake
Core Functions of Organic Molecules
Plants require organic molecules for two primary functions:
- To obtain the energy required for vital functions.
- To increase size, develop, and form new organs.
Autotrophic Organisms
In addition to plants, other organisms are autotrophs, including many protists, Monera, and algae.
Phases of Plant Nutrition
Plant nutrition involves two main parts:
- Organic Synthesis (Photosynthesis): The process by which light energy is transformed into chemical energy, converting inorganic
Essential English Vocabulary: Technology, Construction, and Quantifiers
Technology and Innovation Vocabulary
- Affordable: Not expensive or reasonably priced. / Asequible: No caro o razonablemente pagado.
- Adaptable: Able to adjust to new conditions. / Adaptable: Capaz de ajustarse a nuevas condiciones.
- Energy-saving: Designed to use as little electricity or gas as possible. / Ahorro de energía: Diseñado para usar la menor cantidad de electricidad o gas posible.
- Experimental: Based on new ideas or techniques. / Experimental: Basado en nuevas ideas o técnicas.
- High-tech:
Genetic Modification and Uses of Transgenic Animals
Understanding Transgenic Animals
Transgenic animals are animals with a modified genome. A foreign gene is inserted into the animal’s genome to alter its DNA. This method is performed to improve the genetic traits of the target animal.
Initially, the improvement of genetic traits was achieved through selective breeding methods. In this process, animals with desired genetic characteristics were mated to produce offspring with improved traits. Since this technique was time-consuming and expensive, it
Read MoreFoundations of Human Sexuality: Theology, Theory, and Biology
Christian Perspectives on Sexuality and Ethics
Hopes and Challenges in Tradition
Christians long to move from guilt to gratitude, receiving sexuality as a good gift grounded in creation and the Incarnation (our bodies aren’t barriers to grace); to live an incarnational faith that meets God through embodied life; and to join pleasure with commitment, where mutual delight, fidelity, and fruitfulness mature love within the community’s lived wisdom.
Challenges in Tradition
- The heritage is mixed: Genesis