Malaysian Subordinate Court Jurisdiction Rules (SCA 1948)
Subordinate Court Jurisdiction: Chapter 2
Counterclaims and Monetary Limits
Section 66(1) – Sessions Court: Can hear the case even if the counterclaim is bigger than the plaintiff’s claim, but cannot award more than its own limit (e.g., max RM1 million).
Section 66(2) – High Court: Any party can apply to move the whole case to the High Court, which has no monetary limit.
Calculating Claim Value: Principal and Interest
Issue: Claim Calculation for Jurisdiction
Claim = Principal (within limit) + Interest
Read MoreMineral Properties and the Complete Rock Cycle Explained
Mineral Properties and Formation
Origin of Minerals
The origin of minerals can be:
- Within a mass of molten rock (magma), such as feldspar or olivine.
- Within solid rocks under high pressures and temperatures, such as calcite.
Properties of Minerals
- Color
- The type of light a mineral reflects when illuminated.
- Luster (Brightness)
- The way a mineral reflects light (e.g., metallic, glassy, dull).
- Hardness
- The resistance of a mineral to being scratched.
- Streak (Color of the Line)
- The color of the dust that occurs when
Essential Techniques for Project Management and Inventory Control
ABC Analysis: Inventory Control Technique
- ABC analysis is an inventory control technique used to classify items based on their annual consumption value.
- It follows the Pareto principle where a few items contribute to most of the inventory value.
- Category A items are few in number but have very high value and need strict control.
- Category B items have moderate value and require normal control and periodic review.
- Category C items are large in number but have very low value and need simple control.
- The
Cybersecurity Essentials: Attacks, Encryption, and Protocols
Common Types of Active Network Attacks
The various types of active attacks are described as follows:
- Masquerade Attack: This occurs when an unauthorized entity pretends to be a legitimate user or system to gain access to resources. For example, an attacker sends a message to a user pretending to be someone else, and the recipient is unaware of the impersonation. A common scenario involves “Darth” sending a message to Alice while pretending to be Bob.
- Replay Attack: This involves the unauthorized capture
Analyzing Comparison and Causal Structures in English
Expression of Comparison, Cause, and Consequence
Comparison
Comparison involves expressing the relationship between two or more different realities, often through comparative subordinate clauses.
- Example: “The letter is so valuable an invention as the wheel.”
Expressions of Cause
The cause of an event is often expressed through a noun phrase introduced by a preposition or prepositional phrase, or through causal subordinate clauses.
- Example (Prepositional Phrase): “I was shocked by what I read.”
- Example
Basque Political Forces and the First Spanish Republic
The PNV (Basque Nationalist Party) was a key player during the first republic. Political nationalists, encompassing both right and left wings, were active. Early studies suggested that nationalists did not expect the traditionalists to promote the autonomy statute.
Two groups shared common political objectives, such as opposing secularism and defending regional charters (fueros). The town of Estella was chosen for an assembly where the first and second stages were carried out, involving traditionalists
Read MoreEssential Skincare Ingredient Glossary and Functions
Ingredient Types and Functions
Understanding ingredient categories is key to building an effective routine. Here are the main types:
- Humectant: Draws moisture to the skin from the environment or deeper layers. Best for dry or combination skin. E.g., hyaluronic acid, glycerin, etc.
- Emollient: Softens and smooths the skin by filling in cracks, leaving a silky feel. Best for mature, dry, or sensitive skin. E.g., squalane, silicones, etc.
- Occlusives: Prevents water loss (TEWL) by forming a barrier. Ideal
Fundamentals of Psychology: Behavior and Mental Processes
Introduction to Psychology
Today, behavior is influenced by biological influences, psychological influences, and social-cultural influences.
Etymology and Definition
- Psyche: Mind
- Logos: Knowledge or study
Definition: The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
Behavior and Mental Processes
- Behavior: Overt (i.e., can be directly observed, such as crying).
- Mental Processes: Covert (i.e., cannot be directly observed, such as remembering).
Psychology is both a science and a profession.
Psychology is
Read MoreAcademic Comprehension Notes: Brexit, Bon Jovi, and Digital Stress
July 2017 Reading Comprehension
Young, British, and Living in Europe: Brexit’s Impact
Question 1: Main Ideas
British millennials consider Europe for a future career since some European cities are more attractive for work because they are more vibrant and cheaper than the UK, where this generation suffers the recession the hardest.
As the text states, millennials feel anxious at the beginning of their careers because of the doubts caused after the Brexit referendum.
Question 2: True or False Statements
- a)
Communication Theory, Copyright Law, and Digital Branding
Diffusion Theory in Public Relations
Diffusion Theory explains how new ideas, innovations, or messages spread among members of a social system over time. In Public Relations (PR), this theory helps professionals understand how audiences adopt new information or behaviors communicated by an organization.
Key Concepts of Diffusion
- Developed by Everett Rogers in his seminal book, “Diffusion of Innovations” (1962).
- It describes the process through which individuals move through specific stages before accepting