Key Dynasties and Concepts of Early Imperial China
Foundations of Imperial China (1600 BCE – 705 CE)
This glossary defines key dynasties, philosophies, and cultural milestones that shaped early Chinese civilization, from the Bronze Age Shang Dynasty through the cosmopolitan Tang era.
Shang and Zhou Dynasties (1600–221 BCE)
Shang Dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BCE)
The first historically confirmed Chinese dynasty centered along the Yellow River. It was ruled by kings claiming divine authority and is known for:
- Bronze metallurgy
- Oracle bones
- Urbanization
- Ancestor
Cold air pool atpl
The City or the Countryside
Nerea: Hey Silvia, I was thinking… why don’t we go to the city this weekend? There’s always so much to do — we could go shopping, eat in a nice restaurant, visit a museum, or just walk around and explore. We’d never get bored!
Nerea: But in the countryside there’s nothing to do! I love the energy of the city — concerts, exhibitions, street markets… there’s always something happening.
Nerea: I mean, that does sound kind of nice. Lately I’ve been tired
Read MoreEssential Marketing Management Principles and Concepts
1. Meaning of Marketing Management
Marketing Management refers to the process of planning, organizing, directing, and controlling the marketing activities of a business to satisfy customer needs profitably. It involves analyzing the market environment, understanding consumer behavior, designing effective marketing strategies, and implementing them through the proper use of resources.
👉 In simple words: Marketing management is about getting the right product, at the right price, in the right place,
Read MoreBusiness Operations: Product Life Cycle and Plant Decisions
1. Product Life Cycle (PLC)
🔹 Meaning:
The Product Life Cycle refers to the stages a product goes through from its introduction in the market until it is withdrawn. It helps managers make decisions regarding marketing, production, pricing, and resource allocation.
🔹 Stages of PLC:
- Introduction Stage
- Product launched in the market.
- High marketing and promotional expenses.
- Low or no profit due to heavy investment.
- Objective: Create awareness and attract early adopters.
- Growth Stage
- Demand increases rapidly.
The Spanish Restoration: Alfonso XII and the Cánovas System
The Reign of Alfonso XII and the Cánovas System
Martínez Campos’s pronouncement ended the Democratic Sexenio, initiating the Restoration. This preparation was preceded by three key factors: the pacification of the country, international recognition of Prince Alfonso, and the acceptance of the monarchy by public opinion. These factors were sequenced in phases, as the military regime headed by Serrano ruled the country for eleven months, focusing on restoring order after the riots. The Manifesto
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It gives a common checklist and language for quality (like usability, reliability, security), so teams set clear goals. It breaks each into measurable sub-points, which guide design and testing. Result: better coverage, fewer surprises, and software built and verified against the right qualities.
Apache Ant, it improves Maintainability → Modifiability because the build logic lives in one XML file that’s easy to change, and Portability → Installability because scripted one-command builds make
Read MoreWorld History: League of Nations and Totalitarianism’s Rise
League of Nations: Formation, Structure, and Failure
1. Formation of the League of Nations (स्थापना)
प्रथम विश्व युद्ध (1914–1918) के बाद दुनिया में शांति बनाए रखने की ज़रूरत महसूस हुई।
- अमेरिका के राष्ट्रपति Woodrow Wilson ने अपने Fourteen Points (1918) में एक अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संगठन
Customer Connection Shifts and Digital Attribution Models
Shifts Toward the Connected Customer
The modern market is defined by fundamental shifts in how businesses connect with their audience:
Exclusive to Inclusive
Focus on innovation and diversity, mass markets, and social media as a redefinition of how people interact.
Vertical to Horizontal
Emphasizing open innovation, ecosystem business models, and branding based on shared value.
Individual to Social
Most personal purchase decisions are now social decisions, leading to a lack of control over marketing communication
Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions and Models
Hofstede’s Six Cultural Dimensions
Power Distance Index (PDI)
- High PDI (Strong Hierarchy): Strong boss figure, avoidance of public criticism, centralized decision-making.
- Low PDI (Low Hierarchy): Emphasis on equality, open expression of opinions, accessible management.
Individualism vs. Collectivism (IDV)
- High IDV (Individualism): Personal initiative valued, preference for working alone, direct feedback expected.
- Low IDV (Collectivism): Group interests prioritized over individual, focus on harmony, conflict
Spanish Literary Renewal: Narrative Techniques of the Sixties
The Sixties: Social Context and Literary Characteristics
Emerging revolutionary movements had a huge echo in Western society and dazzled youth. Many protagonists of these events became myths of renewal or revolution: Martin Luther King, Che Guevara, and Mao Tse Tung.
A revolution of manners caused new forms of life and behavior, including sexual liberation and pacifism. These rebellious attitudes translated into outward signs:
- Hippy clothing
- Miniskirts
- Jeans
- Long hair
- Drugs
In Spain, there was a relaxation
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