1857 Revolt and British Policies That Shaped Modern India
1️⃣ Revolt of 1857: Causes, Nature, Course, Consequences
The Revolt of 1857 was the first large-scale challenge to British authority in India and occurred due to accumulated anger among different sections of society. Politically, British expansion through the Doctrine of Lapse, the Subsidiary Alliance, and annexation of states like Awadh created resentment among rulers, soldiers and people. Economically, peasants suffered under high taxes, artisans lost their livelihoods due to British imports,
Read MoreTitanium Dioxide, Cola, Pharma & Express Mail Analysis
Reasons Titanium Dioxide Is a Commodity
There are many reasons and mechanisms that make the titanium dioxide market a commodity. First, competitors in the market take actions to increase their share. Second, market value often does not come from product differentiation but from cost reduction and scale advantages. Third, production processes are similar across competitors and relatively easy to implement.
- Economies of scale: This strategy is suitable for markets where value comes from reduced costs
Indian Contract Act 1872: Essentials and Types of Contracts
Indian Contract Act, 1872: Essentials and Types
The Indian Contract Act, 1872, is the principal law governing contracts in India. It defines the term ‘contract’ and sets out the rules for their formation, performance, and enforceability.
📝 Nature of a Contract
The fundamental nature of a contract under the Indian Contract Act, 1872, can be summarized by the definition in Section 2(h):
“An agreement enforceable by law is a contract.”
This shows that a contract consists of two core elements:
- Agreement:
Database Recovery Mechanisms Using Transaction Logs
Log-Based Recovery in DBMS
Log-based recovery is a mechanism used in DBMS to restore the database to a consistent state after a system crash or failure. The system maintains a log file stored on stable storage, recording every transaction’s operations before applying them to the database. Each log entry contains the transaction ID, data item name, old value, and new value. Using these logs, the DBMS can reconstruct the database by either undoing incomplete transactions or redoing completed ones.
Major
Read MorePHP Fundamentals: Control Flow, Arrays, and Functions
Core PHP Concepts
Control Statements
Control statements manage the flow of execution based on conditions or repetitions.
Conditional Statements
if...else: Executes code if a condition is true.switch: Selects one of many code blocks to be executed based on a variable’s value.
Looping Statements
for: Used when the number of iterations is known.while: Repeats execution as long as a specified condition remains true.foreach: Specifically designed to iterate through arrays.
File Handling Operations
PHP allows
Read MoreKautilya, Amartya Sen & Gopal Krishna Gokhale — Political Economy
Kautilya (Chanakya)
Kautilya, also known as Chanakya or Vishnugupta, was an ancient Indian polymath, philosopher, economist, jurist, and royal advisor. He served as the chief advisor to the founder of the Maurya Empire, Chandragupta Maurya (c. 375–283 BCE).
Key Work
The Arthashastra (c. 3rd century BCE).
Main Contributions
Political Science and Statecraft
The Arthashastra is a seminal text on statecraft, economic policy, and military strategy. Kautilya’s philosophy revolves around the concept of Matsyanyaya
Geometry Fundamentals and Logic Principles
Chapter 1: Foundations of Geometry
1.1: Points, Lines, and Planes
- Collinear: Points on the same line.
- Coplanar: Points that lie in the same plane.
- Segment: A part of a line consisting of two endpoints and all points between them.
- Endpoint: A point at the end of a segment or the starting point of a ray.
- Ray: Part of a line that extends from one endpoint infinitely in one direction.
- Opposite rays: Two rays that have a common endpoint and form a line.
- Postulate: A statement that is accepted as true without
Corporate Finance: Leverage, Capital Structure, and Investment Appraisal
1. Operational Leverage
Operational leverage refers to the degree to which a firm’s costs are fixed rather than variable. It measures the sensitivity of operating income (EBIT) to changes in sales revenue, given that fixed costs do not change with sales volume in the short run.
Explanation
Fixed vs. Variable Costs: In any business, costs can be divided into fixed costs (such as rent, salaries, machinery depreciation) and variable costs (like raw materials, direct labor that fluctuates with production
Read MoreEssential Facts: UK Culture, History, and Travel Rules
Seaweeds: Sustainable Food Source
Seaweeds are commonly eaten in Asia but are still underused in Western countries. Interest in seaweed is increasing, and they may become important ingredients in Europe because they are nutritious and sustainable.
The Domesday Book: Medieval Record
The Domesday Book was written in 1088 for William the Conqueror. It recorded who owned land in England and how much it was worth, so the king could calculate taxes. It is extremely important because it gives detailed information
Read MoreTransforming Accounting with Blockchain and AI
Blockchain Fundamentals: Bitcoin and Ethereum
Blockchain is a decentralized, distributed ledger system that records transactions in a secure, verifiable, and tamper-resistant manner. It operates without a central authority by relying on cryptography and consensus mechanisms to validate transactions across all nodes on the network. Bitcoin, the first major application of blockchain technology, was designed as a digital currency running on a public and permissionless blockchain. It uses Proof of Work,
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