Spanish Labor Law: Unions, Collective Bargaining, and Strikes
Articles of Labor Law
Article 7: Guarantees the establishment and freedom to form unions and business associations to defend economic interests.
Article 28: Establishes the right to freedom of association and the freedom of workers to elect union representatives.
Article 37: Guarantees the right to collective bargaining for employee representatives.
Freedom of Association
- Content of the right: Free association and freedom for workers’ unions.
- Procedure for acquiring legal status of trade unions.
- Concept
Understanding Historical Development: Rationality, Society, and Technology
The Rationality of Historical Development
Everything that exists is rational; it has had or has a useful role, facilitating development.
Rationality and Surviving Native Elements
Rationality is inherent in each stage of historical development. The adjustment of the superstructure to the structure is sufficient reason to consider a social lifestyle. Surviving native elements, important to this development, can become barriers to higher forms of social life.
Rationality as a Historical Concept
A rational
Read MoreTrade, Finance, and State Intervention (10th-18th Centuries)
Innovations in Trade and Finance (10th-18th Centuries)
Trade growth exceeded other economic sectors due to urbanization, state demand, and expansion into Eastern Europe, Russia, and the New World. This led to global economic integration, changing trade composition and location, and increasing capital accumulation opportunities. New business organizations reduced transaction costs, facilitated capital formation, and expanded operations. Developments in payment methods, credit, and banking lowered
Read MoreSustainable Energy, Volcanic Risks, and Geosphere Resource Management
Energy Policy Principles
6. What are the basic principles which should underpin energy policy in the coming decades to prevent a collapse of development?
- Demand-side management: Combine progressive price increases with citizen education to reduce consumption and waste.
- Promote reuse and recycling: Organize waste collection networks and support businesses engaged in these technologies.
- Gradual replacement of non-renewables: Support renewable energy initiatives at community, state, and government levels.
Spain’s Revolutionary Sexenio: From Monarchy to Republic (1868-1874)
Revolutionary Sexenio (1868-1874)
The Revolutionary Sexenio spans from the overthrow of Isabel II in 1868 to the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy with Alfonso XII. This period witnessed three distinct forms of government: a constitutional monarchy, a federal republic, and a unitary republic.
The 1868 Revolution
The revolution began on September 19th in Cádiz, led by the Navy and Generals Prim, Serrano, and Dulce. The uprising spread through Andalusia, forcing Isabel II into exile in France.
In October
Read MoreCommon Foot & Nail Conditions: Symptoms, Causes & Treatments
Melanocytes
Originating from the neural crest, melanocytes reside in the basal layer among keratinocytes. They possess ample clear cytoplasm, visible with Masson’s clear stain. Dendritic processes extend to the basal, spinous, and granular layers. Melanosomes produce melanin. The melano-epidermal unit consists of one melanocyte for every 36 keratinocytes, a constant ratio regardless of race or gender, though it varies across body areas. Pigmentation depends on the number, size, and distribution of
Read MoreAlonso Cano: Architect of Granada Cathedral and Spanish Renaissance Master
Alonso Cano’s Return to Granada and Cathedral Work
Possibly due to health problems in 1652, Alonso Cano decided to return to his hometown of Granada. After overcoming challenges with the council, and thanks to the intercession of King Philip IV, he took office as prebendary of the cathedral. His work at the still-unfinished cathedral was significant. It includes a series of paintings depicting the life of the Virgin in the sanctuary, the renowned sculpture of the Immaculate, liturgical objects designed
Ownership Acquisition and Loss: Civil Code Essentials
NOTE LESSON 03
Acquisition and Loss of Ownership
1. Acquisition of Ownership – According to Article 1204 of the Civil Code, ownership is acquired from the moment it becomes possible to exercise it in one’s own name. Possession can be acquired in two ways:
1.1. Originates
This occurs without the vices that defiled the predecessor’s possession.
1.1.1. Apprehension of Thing
This means seizing possession, a shift of the thing to the owner’s domain, or the use of the thing if it is property. It consists of
Read MoreVenezuelan Worker Wages: Fair Pay, Tips, and Productivity
Tips as Part of Wages
If an employee receives tips according to local custom or usage, these shall be considered part of wages. A value representing the right to receive them is estimated by collective agreement or by agreement between the parties. In case of disagreement between the employer and the worker, the estimate will be made by judicial decision.
Single Paragraph: The value the worker is entitled to receive for tips is determined by considering the quality of service, professional and worker
Read MorePrimary Sector: Agriculture, Livestock, and Fisheries Overview
Theme 4: Agriculture, Livestock, and Fisheries
Agriculture, livestock, and fisheries are economic activities belonging to the primary sector.
These primary activities today exhibit huge diversity and inequality between countries. Agriculture and livestock are often subsistence-oriented for household consumption, while the market addresses production for sale.
Current fishing faces ecological problems that require regulating catch and fishing areas.
The primary sector includes activities related to procurement
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