Understanding Market Structures: From Perfect to Imperfect Competition
Industry
Industry applies to all individual production units and companies grouped in the development of a single good or service.
Deadlines
Short term: A period of time long enough for production changes that have no modifications made in the size of companies.
Long term: A period of time long enough to produce changes in production levels by altering the size of the industry.
Costs
Cost: The expenditure incurred to produce a given amount over a period of time.
Fixed costs: These are produced independently
Read MoreMedieval Society and the Evolution of Governance in Spain
Government and Representation in the Medieval Era
Principal Features of the Middle Ages
Feudalism
- Nobility (lords among whom the king was chosen)
- Characteristics: Right to rule through birth, owned all the land, decided how it would be distributed and used by the people.
- Clergy (the Pope, Cardinals, Archbishops, etc., were often given fiefs by a monarch; the church became wealthy and did not have to pay taxes; monks were usually the only ones who could read and write)
- Serfs (the largest group, performed
Understanding Tax Principles: Special Contributions and Economic Capacity
Special Contribution
Special Contribution is a tax based on the principle of benefit that is intended to cover capital expenditure to be made in public works or the establishment or expansion of services. Those who see benefits from the administrative action are required to pay, since it is reflected in the increased value of property or benefits in particular. By law, special contributions are those taxes in which the chargeable event is the acquisition by the taxpayer of a benefit or an increase
Read MoreUnderstanding Money Supply, Central Banks, and Monetary Policy
What is Money?
- Medium of Exchange: It is acceptable by all for transaction purposes.
- Store of Value: It can be held for future purchases.
- Standard of Value: It serves as a yardstick for measuring the prices of goods.
What is Money Supply?
- M1 (Narrow Money): Includes currency held by the public (non-bank) plus balances in transaction accounts.
- M2 (Broader Money): M1 plus balances in savings accounts and money market mutual funds.
Required Reserves Ratio
It is the portion of the deposits that commercial banks
Read MoreSpanish Constitution of 1931 and Dynastic Reformism
The Spanish Constitution of 1931
The Constitution of 1931 recognized universal suffrage and proclaimed the male and female aconfessionality of the State, respecting all faiths and beliefs. A wide statement of individual rights and freedoms established large private and public liberties. It recognized the right to private property but empowered the government to expropriate goods considered of public utility.
Legislative authority resided in the Cortes, executive power in the Cabinet and the President
Read MoreCommon Literary Devices and Their Usage
Literary Devices
Repetition
Alliteration: Repetition of sounds or groups of similar sounds. Example: The silence seemed to say something, a soft susurrus like a bee.
Anaphora: Repetition of one or more items at the beginning of several lines or syntactic groups. Example: No death in love forgives, no heedless life, do not forgive the earth or nothing.
Parallelism: Repetition of similar constructions in two or more verses or syntactic groups. Example: Oh, my linen shirts! Oh, my poppy thighs!
Polysyndeton:
Read MoreSocial Research Process: Fieldwork, Analysis, and Reporting
Continuing Contact with the Applicant During Fieldwork
Contacts with the applicant can be maintained throughout the fieldwork, especially when it comes to qualitative practices. During initial interviews or discussion groups, changes to the script or even the design of the practices may be proposed. These changes should only be undertaken with the explicit agreement of the applicant. The open nature of qualitative practices allows for such adjustments.
Multi-Method Research
When conducting multi-method
Read MoreDescartes’ Substance, Method, and Ideas: A Philosophical Analysis
Descartes’ Concept of Substance
First Definition: Descartes used ‘substance’ and ‘thing’ as synonyms. A substance is a concrete existing entity that is independent for its existence. It does not need anything else to exist. Only God is a true substance, as creatures depend on God for their existence. However, the concept of substance applies differently to God and creatures.
- Infinite Substance: God, who is absolutely self-defined.
- Finite Substances: Souls and bodies, which depend on God but not on
Critical Systems: Challenges and Development Strategies
Week 1: Critical Systems
Emerging Challenges
- Reliability: Ensuring consistent performance under specified conditions.
- Security: Safeguarding against unauthorized access and attacks.
- Trustworthiness and Privacy: Maintaining the confidentiality of user data and ensuring that the system behaves in a trustworthy manner.
- Intuitive User Interface and New Platforms: Enhancing user interaction and adapting to emerging technology platforms.
Mitigating System Failures
System failures can be prevented or mitigated
Read MoreAmerican Literature: Twain, James, Fitzgerald, Steinbeck, Hemingway, Faulkner
American Humor and Cosmopolitanism: Twain and James
LIT 54
1. Introduction
2. 19th Century American Literature Revival
Throughout the 19th century, a real revival of American literature took place. Authors like Whitman, Poe, Twain, and James contributed to the creation of a distinctive American literature with its own idiosyncratic voice. We will delve into two major American novelists of the century: Twain and James, who gave a new impetus to American fiction. With a humorous tone, Twain created novels
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