802.11 WLAN Topologies, Antennas, and Protocols
WLAN Topologies
802.11 LAN Topologies:
- Ad hoc: Direct device-to-device communication.
- Infrastructure: Uses an Access Point (AP).
Key Terms:
- BSS: Basic Service Set.
- IBSS: Independent Basic Service Set (no AP).
Network Setup:
- Devices communicate without an AP by defining a group name.
- In infrastructure mode, an AP acts as a bridge connecting wireless clients to a wired network.
- Wireless clients are also known as stations.
- An AP is an infrastructure device.
- The coverage area of a single AP is called a BSA.
- Multiple
Fundamental Laws of Physics: Thermodynamics, Mechanics, Waves
Fundamental Laws of Physics
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
First Law of Thermodynamics
Heat supplied to a system increases its internal energy and does work.
Second Law (Kelvin-Planck Statement)
No process can solely convert heat from a reservoir into work.
Clausius Statement
No process can solely transfer heat from a colder to a hotter object.
Newton’s Law of Cooling
The rate of cooling is proportional
Read MoreUnderstanding Electric Fields: Properties, Laws, and Potential
The Electric Field
1. Properties of Electric Charges
- Point load: dimensionless electrical body.
- There are 2 kinds of charges in nature:
- Positives: load acquired by the glass rubbed. Carry this burden of protons.
- Negative: is the burden becomes amber, and carry it with electrons.
- The charges repel and attract opposite sign.
- The charge is conserved. In the electrification charge is not created, only passed a few bodies to others, so that the total charge remains constant.
- The charge is quantized. It is represented
Greek Philosophy: Rationality, Politics, and Human Nature
The Greeks: The Rational Animal
The Homeric Hero
Philosophical thought emerged in Greece as a tool to explain reality. Before philosophical reason, everything was explained through myths. Myths presented a model where anthropomorphic gods had human traits, and heroes, immortals, and demigods (sons of a god and a woman) were examples of virtue to be followed. However, human life was conditioned by the capricious will of the gods and other external powers.
The Man in Greek Philosophy
From the sixth century
Read MoreComputer Graphics Concepts: CMYK, RGB, Buffering, and More
CMYK and RGB Color Models
CMYK subtracts from white, K “black”
RGB Additive color model – adding ‘primary’ colors to black
Buffering and Image Processing
Double buffering is having two buffers in video memory (front and back buffer) for swapping between them, solving any flickering or partially drawn frames problems
Sobel convolution Apply a kernel to every pixel in image
Gradient of a point Directional change in intensity of color of image
Lines and Curves
Parametric line P(t) = P0 + t(P1-P0)
Read MorePlato’s Philosophy: Political, Ethical, Anthropological, and Knowledge Theories
Plato’s Core Philosophical Theories
Plato, a Greek philosopher of the fourth century BC, developed his ideas through dialogues, heavily influenced by his teacher Socrates. Other influences include Heraclitus, Parmenides, and Pythagoras. His theories encompass political, ethical, and anthropological thought, as well as the theory of knowledge and ideas.
Political Theory
Plato’s political theory, significantly influenced by Socrates (who believed knowledge and virtue are intertwined), is based on the
Read MoreMacroeconomic Equilibrium, Unemployment, and Fiscal Policy
Macroeconomic Equilibrium and Price Levels
2 – What is macroeconomic balance? What happens if the price level is higher than the balance?
The macroeconomic balance, where real GDP and the general price level meet the demands of buyers and sellers, occurs at the intersection of the aggregate supply and demand curves, point E.
Frictional Unemployment: Classical vs. Keynesian Views
3 – Is there a single explanation for frictional unemployment? Explain the causes according to Classical and Keynesian economists.
Read MoreMaritime Trade, Exploration, and the Habsburg Empire
Maritime Trade and Exploration
1. Trade with Eastern Europe traversed the Mediterranean, reaching Constantinople and crossing Central Asia. In 1459, the conquest of Constantinople forced the search for new sea routes.
2. African Route: Mariners reached the Azores, then the African coast to the Gulf of Guinea. Indian Route: Vasco da Gama led expeditions to the coast of India and the Spice Islands.
3. Christopher Columbus sought a route to the Spice Islands by sailing west across the Atlantic, avoiding
Read MoreJorge Manrique’s Verses & La Celestina: Themes, Characters, and Analysis
Verses on the Death of the Father of Joseph Manrique
This consists of 40 stanzas of verse, each containing two quebrado. Each foot is a sextuplet.
Structure:
- Couplets I-XIV: Jorge Manrique presents general considerations about life and death: the transience of life, the inconsistency of the mundane, the equalizing power of death, etc., through metaphors and allegories of the Christian vision of death and arrival. He presents life as a path in which man is preparing for a better life after death.
- Verses
Spanish Restoration: Political System and Opposition
The Pact of Pardo and Political Dynamics
When Alfonso XII died in 1885, the two parties signed the Pact of Pardo. Representation in Parliament was divided between a majority for the ruling party, the presence of all heads of tendency of the opposition party and a number of minority members for the rest of the system partidos. Así operation was based on:
- The performance of the Crown as an arbitrator between the two parties.
- The electoral distortion, through the box and rigging.
The introduction of universal
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