Historical Foundations of Indian Law and Social Evolution
Unit 1: Foundations of History and Law
The Relationship Between History and Law
History and Law are closely interrelated disciplines because law evolves from the historical experiences of society. History records customs, traditions, conflicts, and social changes, while law gives these experiences a formal and enforceable structure. In early societies, long-followed customs gradually developed into binding legal rules. Major historical events such as revolutions, reform movements, and struggles for
Read MoreOperating System Exam Notes: Scheduling and Memory Management
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Operating System Concepts: Part 1
1. FCFS (First Come First Serve) Scheduling
FCFS is a non-preemptive CPU scheduling algorithm where processes are executed in the order of their arrival. The process that arrives first gets the CPU first. It is simple to implement using a queue. However, it can cause long waiting times and the convoy effect.
2. SJF (Shortest Job First) Scheduling
SJF selects the process with the shortest
Read MoreCash Flow Statements and Accounting Policy Essentials
Cash Flow Statement Fundamentals
A Cash Flow Statement (CFS) is a key financial document that reports the detailed changes in a company’s cash and cash equivalents over a specific period, such as a month, quarter, or year. It tracks the movement of cash inflows (money deposited) and cash outflows (money spent) within the business.
Purpose of a Cash Flow Statement
The primary purpose of preparing a CFS is to provide insight into a company’s liquidity and financial health by showing where its cash came
Read MoreMastering Effective Communication and Study Skills
Communication Theories and Frameworks
Communication is a fundamental process involving the exchange of information, ideas, and feelings. Understanding its basic theories, the role of feedback, and principles for effectiveness is essential.
Basic Theories of Communication
Communication theories provide frameworks for analyzing the process. They can be broadly categorized based on their perspective:
- Linear Transmission Models: View communication as a one-way process where a sender transmits a message
Functions & Algebra: Domain, Graphing, and Key Techniques
Function Basics
Definition: A function assigns exactly one output for each input.
Function notation: f(x)
Vertical Line Test: If any vertical line intersects a graph more than once, the relation is not a function.
Using Tables to Graph (by Hand)
Steps:
- Choose x-values (use symmetry if possible).
- Plug the x-values into the function.
- Create a table of (x, f(x)).
- Plot the points.
- Connect points smoothly to represent the graph.
Always check:
- x-intercepts
- y-intercept
- asymptotes (if any)
Domain Rules (Very Important)
Read MoreSociological Theories of Society and Space
1. Structural Functionalism
Macro-level theory
Key thinkers: Émile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, Herbert Spencer
- Society is a stable and orderly system
- Different parts of society function like organs of a body
- Each institution performs a useful function for social stability
- Emphasizes social order, equilibrium, and cohesion
- Change occurs slowly through adaptation
Example:
Family socializes children, education prepares the workforce, religion creates moral unity
2. Conflict Theory
Macro-level theory
Key thinker:
Read MoreOptimizing Business Operations and Management Systems
Enterprise Resource Planning Systems
ERP integrates all major business functions such as finance, HR, production, sales, purchase, inventory, and marketing into one unified information system. It allows every department to access and share real-time data, eliminating duplication of work. ERP ensures standardized processes across the organization, increases transparency, reduces operational delays, and enables better decision-making. It improves coordination between departments and enhances productivity
Read MoreWTO Dispute Settlement and Global Trade Dynamics
The Dispute Settlement Mechanism
A dispute is initiated when a government alleges a violation of WTO rules. The Dispute Settlement Body (DSB) initially encourages governments to resolve the conflict through direct consultations.
- If consultations are unsuccessful, the DSB creates a panel to investigate the complaint.
- The panel reviews the evidence and submits a final report to the DSB.
- Both governments can appeal the panel’s decision.
- If an appeal is requested, the DSB creates an appellate body. This
Neural Network Architectures and Learning Concepts
Feedforward Neural Network (FNN)
A Feedforward Neural Network is the simplest type of artificial neural network in which information flows in only one direction, from the input layer to the output layer. There are no feedback connections or loops.
Basic Structure
- Consists of an input layer, one or more hidden layers, & an output layer.
- Data flows from input → hidden → output.
Single-layer Feedforward Network
Has an input layer & an output layer only. The output layer performs the main computation
Read MoreAutomotive Systems: Suspension, Ignition, Batteries & Drivetrain
Telescopic Shock Absorber
Construction
Cylinder (Outer Tube)
Main body filled with oil. Houses the piston rod and piston.
Piston Rod (Inner Tube)
Moves up and down inside the cylinder. Connected to the vehicle frame.
Piston
Has small orifices and valves for oil flow. Controls damping force.
Oil Reservoir
Space containing hydraulic oil. Provides resistance to piston movement.
Spring
Coil spring mounted around the shock absorber. Supports vehicle load and absorbs shocks.
Base Valve
Located at the bottom of the
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