Monopoly, Monopolistic Competition and Market Price Dynamics
Monopoly — Market Structure & Price Determination
Definition
Monopoly: A market structure where a single firm controls the entire market for a product or service.
Features
- Single seller: One firm supplies the entire market.
- Unique product: No close substitutes for the product.
- Barriers to entry: High barriers prevent other firms from entering the market.
- Price maker: The firm has significant control over the price.
Equilibrium of the Firm
Definition: A monopoly firm maximizes profit by producing at
Read MoreGeneral Chemistry 1 Principles and Formulas
Fundamentals and Measurements
- SI Units: Mass (kg), Length (m), Time (s), Temperature (K), Amount (mol), Volume (m³ or L = 10-3m³).
- Prefixes: Pico (10-12), nano (10-9), micro (10-6), milli (10-3), centi (10-2), kilo (103), mega (106).
- Density: d = mass / volume. To convert g/cm³ to kg/m³, multiply by 1,000 (e.g., 6.353 g/cm³ = 6,353 kg/m³).
- Temperature Conversions: °F = (9/5)°C + 32; K = °C + 273.15 (e.g., 56.1°C = 133°F).
- Significant Figures:
- Non-zero digits are always significant. Zeros between
Cultural Influences on Social Behaviour and Aggression
Social Behaviour Across Cultures – Super Short Notes
Social behaviour: how people think, feel, and act in social situations.
Culture shapes norms, values, and acceptable behaviour.
In-Groups and Out-Groups
- In-group: Groups we belong to (family, religion, nation).
- Out-group: Groups we do not belong to.
- People favour in-groups over out-groups.
Individualistic vs Collectivistic Cultures
- Individualistic: Independence, personal goals, low conformity.
- Collectivistic: Group goals, harmony, high conformity and
Business Management Activities and Systemic Approach
Management Activities Set
The management set of activities includes:
- Planning: Making decisions.
- Implementation: Putting decisions into action.
- Control: Learning through evaluation.
- Feedback: Adjusting processes based on results.
The Company System
Components of the System
A company is seen as a set of interrelated elements open to the external environment, working toward common objectives.
Company Subsystems
The company is composed of subsystems, including processing and control, which interact with the
Read MoreImage Feature Extraction: Shape, Color, and Texture Descriptors
Shape Descriptors
Contour-Based Shape Descriptors
| Descriptor | Description |
|---|---|
| Shape Signature | Represents the shape of an object as a one-dimensional function extracted from contour points. Examples include distance to centroid, tangent angle, curvature, or arc length. It provides a compact representation for shape analysis and matching. |
| Convex Hull | Defines the smallest convex polygon enclosing the shape. It simplifies complex shapes by excluding concavities, providing a more generalized outline. Useful for |
Key Concepts in Genetics: Gene, Locus, and Allele
Key Concepts in Genetics
The Gene
A gene is organized in a linear sequence of nucleotides in the molecule of DNA (or RNA in the case of some viruses), which contains the information necessary for the synthesis of a macromolecule with specific cellular function, usually proteins, but also mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA.
The Locus
In biology, a locus is a fixed position on a chromosome, the position of a gene or a genetic marker. A variant of the DNA sequence at a given locus is called an allele. The ordered list
Read MoreWorld Trade Organization Law: Principles, Dispute Resolution, and Key Agreements
Non-Discrimination Principles in WTO Services Trade
Non-discrimination in services under international trade law, specifically within the World Trade Organization (WTO), is governed by two key principles:
- Most-Favored-Nation (MFN) Treatment: Countries must treat all WTO members equally, meaning any favorable treatment given to one member must be extended to all others.
- National Treatment: Foreign services and service providers must be treated no less favorably than domestic ones once they have entered
Spanish Crisis, Dictatorship, Republic, and the Road to WWII
Crisis of the Spanish Restoration and Dictatorship (1900-1931)
In the early decades of the twentieth century, the political system of the Restoration entered its final crisis. This crisis was manifested in:
- Popular Uprisings: Notably the Tragic Week in Barcelona.
- General Strikes: The government managed to suppress strikes and negotiate with the military.
- Government Instability: 13 governments were formed in rapid succession.
- Rural Demonstrations: The Bolshevik Triennium (1918–1922) saw land occupations.
Wellness Trends, Indian Art, and Ancient Kingdoms
Understanding Health Consciousness
Health consciousness is the degree to which an individual is aware of, interested in, and actively monitors their own health while making lifestyle choices to maintain or improve their well-being. It involves a mindset where health considerations—encompassing physical, mental, and social well-being—are integrated into daily decisions about diet, exercise, stress management, and consumption habits.
Defining Health Consciousness
Health consciousness is a psychosocial
Read MoreSociology of Space and Architecture: Social Groups, Proxemics, Institutions
1. Sociology and Social Groups
Sociology is the scientific study of human social behavior, examining how people interact in groups ranging from small personal units to large institutions.
Primary Social Groups
- Small, intimate, face-to-face groups (micro level).
- Primary agents of socialization.
- Fulfill emotional needs and shape identity.
- Examples: family, close friends, married couples.
- Members are allowed into intimate space (0–50 cm).
Secondary Social Groups
- Large, formal, impersonal groups (macro level)