Feudalism and the Social Structure of Medieval Europe
The Origins of Feudalism
Feudalism is the name given to the political, economic, and social system in medieval Europe between the ninth and thirteenth centuries. After the Carolingian Empire, Europe was divided into numerous kingdoms. The kings were very weak; they had no armies and could not protect their lands from the new invasions that affected Europe, such as those by the Vikings, Hungarians, and Saracens (a name used to refer to Muslims during the Middle Ages). To protect the population, kings
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M3)ZK-SNARK in 6 Simple Points
Proves something is true without showing the secret. You can prove you know information without revealing the information itself.
Proof is very small and fast to verify. Even big or complex statements create tiny, quick proofs.
No back-and-forth communication is needed. The prover sends one single proof, and the verifier checks it.
Uses a trusted setup at the beginning. Public parameters are created once; everyone uses them.
Keeps data private while still proving correctness.
Read MorePurpose and content of
ER Diagrams (Chapter 2 – ER Diagram) Key Concepts
Entity:
A person, place, thing, or event you store data about (e.G., Student, Course).
Attribute:
A detail about an entity (e.G., StudentName, StudentID).
Identifier (Key):
Uniquely identifies each entity (StudentID).
Relationship:
How entities connect (e.G., Student registers for Course).
| Type | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Simple | Single value | Name |
| Composite | Can be split | FullName → FirstName, LastName |
| Multivalued | Has several values | Skills = {Java, SQL} |
| Derived | Computed from |
You are notified” and “failing which” and “legal proceedings
DOMAIN 4 28%
🔐 4.1 Security Administration on Computing Resources
🔹 Secure Baselines
A baseline is a predefined configuration for a system, meant to represent a “known good state”.
For the exam, understand that this is often created during system deployment and updated after major patches or config changes.
Example questions:
May ask about what’s considered a baseline or how it’s used in hardening.
🔹 Hardening Systems
Key concept:
Reduce attack surface
Disable anything not needed.Common missed
Political Development Theory and Lucian Pye’s Framework
Political Development and Lucian Pye’s Interpretations
Introduction to Political Development
Political development is an important concept in comparative politics that emerged strongly after World War II, especially during the process of decolonization. Newly independent nations needed to modernize their political institutions and build stable political systems. Therefore, scholars tried to define what “development” means in the political sense.
Among them, Lucian W. Pye is one of the most influential
Human Nature: Dignity, Misery, and Insoluble Riddles
The Human Being: Dignity or Misery?
The man, dignity or misery? In Pico della Mirandola, we find this famous passage: “The Supreme Craftsman made man, creation of an indefinite form, and placed in the center of the world. I talk this way: ‘You have no fixed place or a face of your own, or a particular trade, Oh Adam! For the job, the picture of the job, and what you wish for yourself, you shall have and possess through your own decisions and choices. For others, nature is contracted within certain
Read MoreBusiness Structures and Global Trade Organizations
Types of Business Ownership
Sole Proprietorship: A business that is owned and operated by only one person. The owner makes all the decisions and keeps all the profits, but they are also personally responsible for all the business debts. If the business has problems, the owner must pay with their own money or property.
Examples:
- Bakery run by one person
- Freelance graphic designer
- Carpenter with a personal business
- Clothing seller at a market
Partnership
A business owned by two or more people. They share
Read MoreQuantitative Versus Qualitative Research Methods Comparison
Elements of Investigation: Quantitative vs. Qualitative
1. Environment (MARCO)
- Quantitative: Can be developed in a natural environment or a closed laboratory.
- Qualitative: In contact with the object being studied, in a natural setting.
2. Design Structure
- Quantitative: Requires a fixed design established a priori (in advance).
- Qualitative: Has an emergent design; it is not fixed in advance.
3. Goals and Flexibility
- Quantitative: Techniques are pre-set, aiming for technical flexibility.
- Qualitative: The reality
Origins and Key Events of the French Revolution
The bourgeois revolution enabled the bourgeoisie to gain political power and a social status which had only been available to the nobility under the Ancien Régime.
The French Revolution (1789–1804)
The French Revolution was a period of violent political and social change, which saw the abolition of the absolute monarchy and the end of the estates system of the Ancien Régime. It is considered to be the first European bourgeois revolution.
Causes of the French Revolution
The Influence of the Enlightenment
French
Read MoreTaenia Solium and Cysticercosis: Symptoms and Prevention
General Characteristics of Cestodes
Cestodes are organisms with a body flattened dorsoventrally. They are variable in size and have no body cavity or digestive system; their nutrition is effected by osmosis. They are hermaphrodites and reproduce by eggs. They are commonly known by the name of Tapeworms.
Morphology
- Scolex: Features 4 suction cups and 2 botri.
- Rostellum: A fixed or retractable crown of hooks used for attachment.
- Strobile: The generation of proglottids (immature, mature, and gravid), which