Pressure Vessel Types, Jackets, Inspection & Design Pressure
1. Types of heads for pressure vessels
- Hemispherical head
- Torispherical (flanged and dished) head
- Ellipsoidal (2:1 elliptical) head
- Conical head
- Flat head
2. Weld joint efficiency factor (E)
Indicates the quality and reliability of welds in pressure vessels.
Ranges from 0.7 to 1.0 depending on joint type and inspection level.
3. Maximum Working Pressure (MWP) & Design Pressure
MWP: Highest internal pressure during normal operation.
Design pressure: Higher than MWP (typically 5–10% more) to ensure a safety
Read MoreFoundational Concepts in Organizational Behavior and I-O Psychology
1. Organizational Behaviour (OB)
OB (I-O Psychology) is the scientific study of behavior in organizations.
- Applies psychology to work settings.
- Goal: Explain, predict, and improve job behavior and performance.
- Uses the scientist–practitioner model, emphasizing data-driven decisions.
2. Individual Differences
These are stable differences between people used to predict behavior and job performance.
Main individual differences include:
- Cognitive ability (g)
- Personality
- Knowledge, skills, and competencies
- Emotional
Supply Chain Network Design Factors and Uncertainty Impact
Factors Influencing Network Design
Supply chain network design involves strategic, long-term decisions concerning facility location, capacity, and market allocation. These choices directly influence cost, responsiveness, and overall supply chain performance.
Strategic Factors
- A firm’s competitive strategy dictates network structure. Cost leadership favors low-cost locations; responsiveness focuses on proximity to markets.
Technological Factors
- Production technologies and economies of scale affect facility
Feminist Theory: Biological Determinism Versus Social Constructivism
Evaluate Biological Determinism Versus Social Constructivism in Feminist Theory
The debate between biological determinism and social constructivism lies at the heart of feminist theory because it concerns the very basis on which gender inequality is justified and reproduced. Biological determinism argues that men and women behave differently because of innate biological differences—chromosomes, reproductive roles, hormones, or evolutionary instincts. This perspective historically positioned women
Read MoreFoundations of Pakistan: Ideology, Reformers, and Constitutions
The Two-Nation Theory: Ideological Basis of Pakistan
Introduction
The Two-Nation Theory is the ideological foundation of Pakistan. It declares that Hindus and Muslims of the subcontinent were two distinct nations with different religions, cultures, traditions, and social systems. Therefore, Muslims required a separate homeland to safeguard their identity and political rights. The theory strengthened during British rule and finally led to the creation of Pakistan in 1947.
Historical Background
- The arrival
Ireland’s Dual Identity: Gaeilge Revival and Economic Globalization
The Irish Language: History, Identity, and Decline
Gaeilge: A Pillar of Irish Cultural Identity
The Irish language, or Gaeilge, was once the main language spoken in Ireland. It is more than a simple means of communication; it represents a way for people to share ideas, emotions, and traditions. It also serves as a community bond, a sense of identity, and a link to historical memory. Through language, communities preserve their culture and distinguish themselves from others, making it an essential
Read MoreChemical Bonds, Polarity, and Molecular Geometry
The Fundamental Role of Chemical Bonds
Chemical bonds play an important role in the cells of all living things. They are essential for the existence of substances in materials, significantly affecting the structures and physical properties of elements and compounds.
Molecular Polarity and Dipole Moments
Molecules can be classified as polar or non-polar based on their total dipole moments. All diatomic molecules containing polar covalent bonds are polar molecules since they possess a net dipole moment.
Read MoreDirector Liability, Removal, and Share Capital Concepts in Corporate Law
Personal Liabilities of Company Directors
Directors face personal liabilities under the Companies Act, 2013 (or equivalent corporate statutes), primarily for breaches of fiduciary duties, negligence, fraud, and non-compliance with statutory obligations.
Key Areas of Director Liability
- Breach of Fiduciary Duty: Directors must act honestly in the company’s best interest; dishonest actions lead to personal liability for losses.
- Ultra Vires Acts: Exceeding powers defined in the Memorandum or Articles of
English Conditional, Prepositions & Modal Exercises
English Conditional, Prepositions and Modals Exercises
1º Put the verbs in brackets into the correct conditional tense
- If John had read the small print, he Wouldn’t have signed (not sign) the contract.
- If you’re late again, you will have (have) problems with the boss.
- I would have bought the book if I had had (have) some money.
- Do you think I will lose (lose) weight if I eat less pasta?
- I would go to Rome next summer if you came (come) with me.
- If Jane had locked (lock) her bike, it wouldn’t have
हिंदुस्तानी शास्त्रीय संगीत: राग, थाट और सितार का विस्तृत विश्लेषण
हिंदुस्तानी शास्त्रीय संगीत में रागों का ऐतिहासिक विकास
राग की अवधारणा भारतीय संगीत की आत्मा है। ‘राग’ शब्द संस्कृत की ‘रंज्’ धातु से बना है, जिसका अर्थ है ‘रंगना’ या ‘आनंदित करना’। जो रचना मनुष्य
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