Essential C Programming Examples: Data Structures & Algorithms
Fundamental C Operations (String and Math)
String Reversal Without Built-in Functions
This program demonstrates manual string reversal using pointers and loops, calculating the string length without relying on strlen().
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main() {
char str[100], original[100];
char *start, *end, temp;
int length = 0;
printf("Enter a string: ");
scanf("%s", str); // accepts string without spaces
strcpy(original, str); // keep a copy of original Logistics Management: Systems, Cargo, and Technology
Core Characteristics of Transport Terminals
The main characteristics of transport terminals include:
- Intermodal transfer points: They enable the transfer of cargo between different modes of transportation, ensuring continuity in national and international flows.
- Buffer function: They act as buffers in the transport chain, often providing significant storage capacity.
- Specialized equipment: These facilities require specific infrastructure and handling equipment depending on the type of cargo.
- Key attributes:
Educational Assessment and Reporting Principles: NAPLAN and Global Contexts
Week 1: Contexts for Assessment and Reporting
Key Questions and Answers
- Educational Objectives: Support learning, diagnose needs, give feedback, monitor progress, improve teaching.
- Instrumental Objectives: Accountability, reporting to parents/system, certification, selection, school comparison (league tables).
- Technical Terms:
- Outcomes: Intended knowledge/skills students must demonstrate.
- Equity vs. Inequity: Fairness in judging learning; issues of bias and access.
- Knowledge Economy: Society values measurable
Psychological Frameworks of Modern Consumer Behaviour
🧩 1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Introduction
Human motivation lies at the centre of consumer behaviour. Abraham Maslow’s (1943) Hierarchy of Needs remains one of the most influential frameworks for understanding why individuals engage in consumption. Maslow argued that behaviour is goal-directed, driven by a progressive series of needs from basic physiological survival to psychological growth and self-actualisation. In consumer contexts, this hierarchy explains not just what people buy, but
Read MoreStem Cell Regulation, Cancer Therapy, and Genetic Modification Techniques
Cancer Stem Cells and Therapeutic Strategies
Normal Stem Cells Versus Cancer Stem Cells
Normal stem cells self-renew in a controlled way to maintain tissues, while cancer stem cells (CSCs) self-renew uncontrollably and form tumors. CSCs resist therapy and can regenerate the tumor, unlike normal stem cells whose growth is tightly regulated.
Characteristics of Cancer Stem Cells
CSCs can self-renew, differentiate into different tumor cell types, and initiate new tumors. They express markers like CD44,
Read MoreIndian Constitutional Principles and Governance Systems
Q2. Philosophical Principles and Granville Austin
The Indian Constitution is a philosophical and transformative document reflecting the ideals of the national movement and aiming to establish political, social, and economic democracy. Its philosophical foundations combine Western political thought with Indian traditions:
- Liberalism: Reflected in the Fundamental Rights (Articles 14–21), which guarantee equality, liberty, and protection of life and personal freedom.
- Socialism: Finds expression in the
Cultural and Linguistic Varieties in Language Use
Cultural Varieties
Language is a system of linguistic signs and rules for combination and use.
Speech is the concrete embodiment of language and is individual: each person selects a few items and uses them differently.
Register is the set of linguistic features that result from the adaptation of language use to a particular situation communicated by a speaker.
All the factors mentioned determine different varieties that can be used:
- Diastratic varieties, or language registers, reflecting differences
Gujarat Energy Growth and Conventional Power Analysis
Energy Demand and Growth in Gujarat
1. Explain about energy demand and growth level in Gujarat state.
Energy Demand and Growth Level in Gujarat
- Present Demand
- Gujarat is one of the most industrialized states of India, accounting for about 10% of the country’s total energy demand.
- Electricity demand is high due to industries (petrochemicals, refineries, ports, textiles, manufacturing), agriculture (irrigation pumps), and urban domestic needs.
- Current installed power capacity (2024–25): about 47 GW.
Descartes on the Necessity of God’s Existence
The Need for Justifying God’s Existence
This formulation poses the philosophical question of the necessity of the existence of God, according to which Descartes holds that there must be a God. Descartes developed his philosophy in a period in which those who denied the existence of God were persecuted. He based his system on assertions about the existence of God, so this issue is a very important part of Descartes’s philosophy. Therefore we ask: Why is it necessary that God exists? What constitutes
Read MorePhysics Formulas: Gyration, Poisson Ratio, Relativity & Elasticity
Key Physics Concepts and Equations
(a) Radius of Gyration (k)
The radius of gyration of a body about a given axis is the radial distance from the axis of rotation to a point where the entire mass of the body could be concentrated without changing its moment of inertia.
Mathematically, it is defined by the relation:
I = M k^2
Where:
- I is the moment of inertia.
- M is the total mass of the body.
- k is the radius of gyration (SI unit: meters).
(b) Poisson’s Ratio: Can It Be Negative?
Yes, the Poisson’s ratio (ν)
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