Spain’s Democratic Transition and Franco Regime Legacy
The Spanish Democratic Transition (1975-1982)
First Government of the Monarchy (1975-1976)
Juan Carlos I was crowned as Head of State on November 22, 1975, continuing with Carlos Arias Navarro as Head of Government. The six months that followed were challenging. The government had to face major social conflicts. Unions went on strike demanding political freedoms and greater union representation, particularly in Madrid.
The Suárez Government and Political Reform (1976-1977)
The King forced Arias Navarro’
Read MoreEngineering, Construction, and Logistics Vocabulary
Technical Terminology and Definitions
Design, Drawing, and Measurement
- Design
- The collective word for all the information that is given in order to produce or build something.
- Drawing
- A type of picture that has been drawn in order to present design information.
- Scale
- The ratio between the size of items shown on a drawing and their actual size (in reality).
- Full-Scale Drawing
- The dimensions of the drawing are the same as their real size.
- Small-Scale Drawing
- Often referred to as a general arrangement drawing.
Animal Biology Fundamentals: Cells, Tissues, and Systems
Animal Biology Fundamentals: Eukaryotic Cells
Nucleus: Holds genetic material. Protected by a double membrane that separates it from the cytoplasm.
Vacuoles: Small sacs that store various substances.
Lysosomes: Produced by the Golgi apparatus; responsible for digesting materials inside the cell.
SER (Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum): Produces lipids and aids in detoxification (removal of toxic substances).
Mitochondria: Have two membranes; break down glucose to release energy via cellular respiration.
Cytoplasm:
The Triple Threat: Digital Isolation, Materialism, and Authentic Connection
The Decline of Real Conversation in the Digital Age
There is little doubt that the quality and frequency of our real-life conversations are declining, and social media must be held largely responsible for this shift. While these digital platforms promise connection, their underlying mechanics often undermine the very fabric of genuine communication. The endless pursuit of a perfect online persona weakens the enduring bonds formed through authentic, face-to-face interaction, suggesting that our digital
Read MoreOperating System File Management: Structure, Implementation, and Operations
File System Structure Fundamentals
A file system is the component of the operating system (OS) that manages the creation, storage, organization, and access of files on storage devices (e.g., hard disks, SSDs, pen drives). The file system structure defines how files are arranged, how directories are organized, and how the OS locates and stores data.
Main Components of File System Structure
1. Files
A file is a collection of related information stored together—such as a text file, image, or video.
Each
Read MoreConstruction Materials: Stone Properties, Cement Standards, and Concrete Testing
Properties of Natural Stones
Granite: Primitive Plutonic Rock
- Origin: Primitive rock, plutonic origin.
- Composition: Quartz (30–35%), Feldspar (50%), and Mica (15–20%).
- Structure: Multi-phase, polycrystalline structure; homogeneous, small grains.
- Mechanical Properties: High mechanical compressive strength, high density, high degree of compactness.
- Behavior: Almost isotropic behavior; hard to sculpt, easy to polish.
- Vulnerabilities: Problems due to freeze-thaw cycles and changes in the feldspars.
Sandstone:
Read MoreFundamental Concepts of Biology: From Cells to Ecosystems
Characteristics of Living Organisms
- Sensitivity
- Organisms respond to diverse stimuli.
- Adaptation
- All living organisms exhibit a “fit” to their environment.
- Metabolism
- This refers to the chemical reactions that occur within living organisms to maintain life.
- Homeostasis
- The ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions.
- Organization / Order
- Organisms are highly organized structures. The cell is the basic unit of life.
Levels of Biological Organization
- Population
- A group of organisms of the
Milestones in Genetics: History, Concepts, and Disorders
Key Historical Discoveries in Genetics (8000 B.C. – 1962)
| Year | Discovery / Event | Scientist(s) Involved |
|---|---|---|
| 8000–1000 B.C. | Humans knew sexual reproduction caused variation (used in selective breeding). | Ancient humans |
| 1856–1863 | Hybridization experiments on garden peas (basis of inheritance laws). | Gregor Johann Mendel |
| 1865 | Publication of Mendel’s work, “Experiments on Plant Hybridization”. | Mendel |
| 1866 | First description of Down Syndrome. | Langdon Down |
| 1891 | Discovery of the X-body (X chromosome) during spermatogenesis |
Catholic Social Teaching on Work, Wages, and Migration Principles
The Catholic Social Teaching Understanding of Work
In Catholic Social Teaching (CST), there is a special understanding of work that examines it from different angles:
Four Dimensions of Work in CST
- Personal view: Work is a way for each person to express themselves. Through work, people grow, become more themselves, and reflect God’s image.
- Family view: Work is connected to family life and should consider the needs of the family.
- Social view: Work helps people become part of society, contribute to the
Moroccan Environmental Law and Policy Implementation
Moroccan Environmental Law and Policy
1. Defining Environmental Governance and UNEP’s Role
Question: Define environmental governance and explain UNEP’s contribution.
Answer:
Environmental governance refers to the laws, policies, institutions, and decision-making processes that direct how a country manages its natural resources and environmental challenges. It ensures fairness, accountability, and sustainability in environmental management.
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) strengthens
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