Aristotle & M.N. Roy: Political Thought on Democracy
Aristotle & M.N. Roy: Political Thought on Democracy
Aristotle: Father of Political Science
Aristotle is called the father of political science because he studied politics through observation and practical reasoning. He believed that humans are political beings who can achieve their highest moral and intellectual development only within the state, whose purpose is to promote the good life.
Slavery and Greek social context: His justification of slavery was based on the idea of natural slavery, where
Read MoreIndus Valley Civilization: Harappan Cities, Architecture & Economy
Indus Valley Civilization – Detailed 16-Mark Answer
Introduction
The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), also known as the Harappan Civilization, flourished from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE along the Indus River and its tributaries in present-day India and Pakistan. It is one of the world’s earliest urban civilizations, known for its scientific city planning, advanced drainage systems, standardized bricks, and organized socio-economic life.
1. Geographical Extent
- Spread over 1.3 million sq. km — larger
Advanced Vector Calculus and Matrix Algebra Problems
Cayley-Hamilton Theorem: Verification and Inverse
Problem 1: Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem for A and find A-1
Given matrix: A = [[2, 1, 1], [0, 1, 0], [1, 1, 2]]
Step 1: Find the Characteristic Equation |A – λI| = 0
A – λI = [[2-λ, 1, 1], [0, 1-λ, 0], [1, 1, 2-λ]]
Expand along the 2nd row (which has two zeros):
|A – λI| = (1-λ) × |[2-λ, 1], [1, 2-λ]|
= (1-λ) × [(2-λ)(2-λ) – 1×1]
= (1-λ) × [(2-λ)2 – 1]
= (1-λ) × [4 – 4λ + λ2 – 1]
= (1-λ)(λ2 – 4λ + 3)
= (1-λ)(λ-1)(λ-3)
= -(λ-1)2(
Read MoreSoftware Design Principles and Coding Best Practices
Software Design and Coding Best Practices for Developers
1. Basic Principles of Software Design
Basic principles of software design help create software that is simple, maintainable, and easy to understand. The major principles are:
- Abstraction – Show only important details and hide unnecessary information. It helps reduce complexity.
- Modularity – Break the system into small modules so each module handles one purpose.
- Information Hiding – Keep internal details of a module hidden to protect data
Variable Pay Program Configuration and Administration
Topic: Bonus Plans (Questions 1-4)
P1. Where do you link bonus plans to business goals? * Business goal weights file
P2. Your customer needs to link a bonus plan to a specific requirement. How do you address this requirement? * 1
P3. Which bonus plan setting is defined in the import file? * Bonus Cap Percentage
P4. In which scenario must you use a separate bonus plan for employees in the same program? * The customer has multiple sets of business goals.
Topic: Business Goals and Goal Weights (Questions
Kautilya’s Arthashastra: Economic Principles and Statecraft
Kautilya’s Economic Philosophy and the Arthashastra
Introduction to Kautilya
Kautilya, also known as Chanakya or Vishnugupta, was a distinguished Acharya (professor), philosopher, and the influential Prime Minister to Emperor Chandragupta of the Maurya Empire. He was instrumental in overthrowing the oppressive and corrupt Nanda dynasty, securing the throne for Chandragupta between 321–297 BCE.
Kautilya provided crucial advice on both political and economic matters. His policy approach was inherently
Read MoreMachine Learning Fundamentals and Core Data Science Concepts
Machine Learning Definition and Related Fields
Machine Learning (ML) is a field of computer science that enables systems to learn from data and improve performance without being explicitly programmed.
ML Relationship with AI, Data Science, and Statistics
ML and Artificial Intelligence (AI)
- ML is a subfield of AI that provides systems the ability to learn automatically.
- AI focuses on building intelligent machines, while ML focuses on learning patterns from data to achieve intelligence.
ML and Data Science
Read MoreEssential Literary Concepts and Short Story Analysis
Literary Terms and Key Concepts Defined (with Examples)
Core Narrative and Figurative Techniques
Narrative Point of View – The perspective from which a story is told.
Example: “The Yellow Wallpaper” is written in first-person, giving intimate access to the narrator’s descent into madness.Types of Narrator – Categories include first-person, third-person limited, third-person omniscient, and unreliable narrator.
Example: “Cat Person” uses a first-person limited perspective to show Margot’s
Cloud Federation and Market-Based Resource Management
Cloud Computing: Federation, Markets, and Security
Understanding Cloud Federation and Its Levels
Cloud Federation is the practice of interconnecting the cloud computing environments of two or more cloud service providers (CSPs) to create a single, seamless, and scalable computing environment. It allows a cloud user to leverage resources from multiple providers as if they were all part of one large cloud, enabling workload and resource sharing across different clouds (public, private, or hybrid). The
Read MoreEssential Accounting Principles and Foundational Terminology
Essential Accounting Terminology and Principles
A
Accrual-Basis Accounting
The accounting basis in which companies record transactions that change a company’s financial statements in the periods in which the events occur.
Accruals
Adjusting entries for either accrued revenues or accrued expenses.
Accrued Expenses
Expenses incurred but not yet paid in cash or recorded.
Accrued Revenue
Revenues for services performed but not yet received in cash or recorded.
Adjusted Trial Balance
A list of accounts and their