Aristotle & M.N. Roy: Political Thought on Democracy

Aristotle & M.N. Roy: Political Thought on Democracy

Aristotle: Father of Political Science

Aristotle is called the father of political science because he studied politics through observation and practical reasoning. He believed that humans are political beings who can achieve their highest moral and intellectual development only within the state, whose purpose is to promote the good life.

Slavery and Greek social context: His justification of slavery was based on the idea of natural slavery, where

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Indus Valley Civilization: Harappan Cities, Architecture & Economy

Indus Valley Civilization – Detailed 16-Mark Answer

Introduction

The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC), also known as the Harappan Civilization, flourished from 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE along the Indus River and its tributaries in present-day India and Pakistan. It is one of the world’s earliest urban civilizations, known for its scientific city planning, advanced drainage systems, standardized bricks, and organized socio-economic life.


1. Geographical Extent

  • Spread over 1.3 million sq. km — larger
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Advanced Vector Calculus and Matrix Algebra Problems

Cayley-Hamilton Theorem: Verification and Inverse

Problem 1: Verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem for A and find A-1

Given matrix: A = [[2, 1, 1], [0, 1, 0], [1, 1, 2]]

Step 1: Find the Characteristic Equation |A – λI| = 0

A – λI = [[2-λ, 1, 1], [0, 1-λ, 0], [1, 1, 2-λ]]

Expand along the 2nd row (which has two zeros):

|A – λI| = (1-λ) × |[2-λ, 1], [1, 2-λ]|

= (1-λ) × [(2-λ)(2-λ) – 1×1]

= (1-λ) × [(2-λ)2 – 1]

= (1-λ) × [4 – 4λ + λ2 – 1]

= (1-λ)(λ2 – 4λ + 3)

= (1-λ)(λ-1)(λ-3)

= -(λ-1)2(

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Software Design Principles and Coding Best Practices

Software Design and Coding Best Practices for Developers

1. Basic Principles of Software Design

Basic principles of software design help create software that is simple, maintainable, and easy to understand. The major principles are:

  • Abstraction – Show only important details and hide unnecessary information. It helps reduce complexity.
  • Modularity – Break the system into small modules so each module handles one purpose.
  • Information Hiding – Keep internal details of a module hidden to protect data
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Variable Pay Program Configuration and Administration

Topic: Bonus Plans (Questions 1-4)

P1. Where do you link bonus plans to business goals? * Business goal weights file

P2. Your customer needs to link a bonus plan to a specific requirement. How do you address this requirement? * 1

P3. Which bonus plan setting is defined in the import file? * Bonus Cap Percentage

P4. In which scenario must you use a separate bonus plan for employees in the same program? * The customer has multiple sets of business goals.

Topic: Business Goals and Goal Weights (Questions

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Kautilya’s Arthashastra: Economic Principles and Statecraft

Kautilya’s Economic Philosophy and the Arthashastra

Introduction to Kautilya

Kautilya, also known as Chanakya or Vishnugupta, was a distinguished Acharya (professor), philosopher, and the influential Prime Minister to Emperor Chandragupta of the Maurya Empire. He was instrumental in overthrowing the oppressive and corrupt Nanda dynasty, securing the throne for Chandragupta between 321–297 BCE.

Kautilya provided crucial advice on both political and economic matters. His policy approach was inherently

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Machine Learning Fundamentals and Core Data Science Concepts

Machine Learning Definition and Related Fields

Machine Learning (ML) is a field of computer science that enables systems to learn from data and improve performance without being explicitly programmed.

ML Relationship with AI, Data Science, and Statistics

ML and Artificial Intelligence (AI)

  • ML is a subfield of AI that provides systems the ability to learn automatically.
  • AI focuses on building intelligent machines, while ML focuses on learning patterns from data to achieve intelligence.

ML and Data Science

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Essential Literary Concepts and Short Story Analysis

Literary Terms and Key Concepts Defined (with Examples)

Core Narrative and Figurative Techniques

  1. Narrative Point of View – The perspective from which a story is told.
    Example: “The Yellow Wallpaper” is written in first-person, giving intimate access to the narrator’s descent into madness.

  2. Types of Narrator – Categories include first-person, third-person limited, third-person omniscient, and unreliable narrator.
    Example: “Cat Person” uses a first-person limited perspective to show Margot’s

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Cloud Federation and Market-Based Resource Management

Cloud Computing: Federation, Markets, and Security

Understanding Cloud Federation and Its Levels

Cloud Federation is the practice of interconnecting the cloud computing environments of two or more cloud service providers (CSPs) to create a single, seamless, and scalable computing environment. It allows a cloud user to leverage resources from multiple providers as if they were all part of one large cloud, enabling workload and resource sharing across different clouds (public, private, or hybrid). The

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Essential Accounting Principles and Foundational Terminology

Essential Accounting Terminology and Principles

A

  • Accrual-Basis Accounting

    The accounting basis in which companies record transactions that change a company’s financial statements in the periods in which the events occur.

  • Accruals

    Adjusting entries for either accrued revenues or accrued expenses.

  • Accrued Expenses

    Expenses incurred but not yet paid in cash or recorded.

  • Accrued Revenue

    Revenues for services performed but not yet received in cash or recorded.

  • Adjusted Trial Balance

    A list of accounts and their

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