Computer Networks Lab: Implementation Procedures
EXP 2 — Multi-User Chat Server (TCP)
Server
- Start server.
- Create ServerSocket and bind to port.
- Display server started.
- Accept client connection.
- Assign unique client ID.
- Send ID to client.
- Store client in list.
- Create thread for client.
- Read client messages continuously.
- Display messages on server.
- Enter target client ID and message for private send.
- Send message to selected client.
- Remove disconnected client.
- Repeat for new clients.
Client
- Start client.
- Connect to server (localhost:5000).
- Display connecting message.
How the Internet Works: Protocols, Architecture, and SEO
How the Internet Works
Web Protocols
- HTTP: Used for transferring hypertext requests and information on the WWW. It governs communication between the web server and the web browser.
- HTTPS: An extension of HTTP that creates a layer of security via encryption, using SSL/TLS to ensure secure communication.
File Protocols
- FTP (File Transfer Protocol): A simple way to upload and download files between a client and a server.
- FTPS: Similar to FTP but adds a layer of security.
- SFTP (SSH File Transfer Protocol):
Software Development Models: Waterfall, Iterative, and Spiral
1. Classic Waterfall Model
The Classic Waterfall Model is a sequential software development model where the process flows step-by-step. Each phase must be completed before moving to the next, with no backward movement.
Phases of the Waterfall Model
- Requirement Analysis: Collect and analyze all system requirements.
- System Design: Plan the architecture, database, and system design.
- Implementation (Coding): Developers write the program code.
- Testing: The system is tested to identify and fix errors.
- Deployment:
Understanding the Compton Effect and Radiation Shifts
Compton Effect, Compton Shift, and Radiation Types
The Compton Effect is a phenomenon in which X-rays or gamma rays scatter off electrons, resulting in a change in wavelength. When a high-energy photon collides with an electron, it transfers part of its energy to the electron. The electron recoils, and the photon emerges with reduced energy and increased wavelength.
The Compton Shift
The Compton Shift is the difference between the initial and final wavelength of the photon after scattering. It is defined
Read MoreCore Principles of Modern Physics: Relativity and Quantum Theory
Frames of Reference
- Inertial frame of reference: A frame at rest or moving with constant velocity where Newton’s First Law of Motion holds true and no extra forces are required.
- Non-inertial frame of reference: A frame that is accelerating or rotating where Newton’s laws require fictitious (pseudo) forces to explain motion.
Laws of Radiation
- Wien’s displacement law: The wavelength at which a body emits maximum radiation is inversely proportional to its temperature (λmax ∝ 1/T and λmaxT = Constant)
Game Development Essentials: Pygame and Unity Systems
Pygame Game Loop Fundamentals
Definition: The Game Loop in Pygame is a continuous cycle that keeps the game running by handling input, updating logic, and rendering output.
Core Steps
- Input: Get user input.
- Update: Update the game state.
- Render: Display the results on the screen.
Key Concepts
- Runs continuously until the game ends.
- Each cycle is referred to as a frame.
Explanation and Application
The loop keeps the game active and controls the overall flow. It is used in all Pygame projects to help create
Read MorePython String and List Built-in Functions Reference
Python String Built-in Functions
Case Conversion Functions
upper()
👉 Definition: Converts all characters in a string to uppercase. It returns a new string without modifying the original.
👉 Example: "hello".upper() # "HELLO"
lower()
👉 Definition: Converts all characters in a string to lowercase.
👉 Example: "HELLO".lower() # "hello"
title()
👉 Definition: Capitalizes the first letter of every word and converts the remaining letters to lowercase.
👉 Example: "hello world".title() # "Hello World"
Sociolinguistics Glossary: Key Concepts and Definitions
A–C
- Assimilation: Migrants are expected to adopt the dominant culture and language completely.
- Authenticity: The idea that a language has value because it is strongly connected to a specific place, culture, or community.
- Centralization: The state controls language rules, education, and communication.
- Citizenship Language Requirement: A rule that migrants must learn the official language to become citizens.
- Complementary Signs: Signs where different languages give different pieces of information that
South American Regionalism and the United Nations Structure
Specific Features of South American Regionalism
South America is highly “over-organised,” with countries belonging to multiple overlapping groups (e.g., MERCOSUR, CAN, UNASUR, CELAC, ALBA, ALADI). This creates an “alphabet soup” of acronyms with no clear hierarchy. Unlike the EU, there is no single dominant organisation—only competing projects shaped by shifting political ideologies.
Three Political Waves of South American Regionalism
- 1990s — Market Wave: Liberal reforms boosted trade blocs
Game Development Fundamentals: Pygame, Unity, and Graphics
1. Basic Pygame Functions
Pygame is a Python library used to create games.
Common Functions
- pygame.init(): Initializes all Pygame modules
- pygame.display.set_mode((width, height)): Creates the game window
- pygame.display.set_caption(“Title”): Sets window title
- screen.fill(color): Fills screen with a color
- pygame.display.update(): Updates the screen
- pygame.time.Clock(): Controls game speed (FPS)
2. Events (Keyboard & Mouse)
Pygame detects user actions using an event loop.
Key Concepts Summary
- Game Loop: Runs