French Revolution: Causes, Events, and Aftermath
Situation in France Before the Revolution
Ancient Regime:
- Society: Estate-based, with 3 estates. The 1st and 2nd estates were privileged, while the 3rd estate was non-privileged.
- Economy: Based on agriculture, using old methods and systems. Privileged estates owned most of the land.
- Politics: Absolutism; the monarch held all political power.
New Ideas Like the Enlightenment:
- Society: Promoted natural rights such as equality and liberty, and freedom of thought and expression.
- Economy: Advocated for the
Franco Dictatorship Era: Economy, Politics, and Repression
The Franco Dictatorship (1936–1975)
Economic Policy
During the Franco regime, the Spanish economy aimed for self-sufficiency. While imports were minimal and highly priced, domestic production was prioritized. Franco established fixed prices for most products, leading to issues like black markets and rationing systems. The National Institute of Industry (INI) was created, but foreign industry struggled to gain a foothold.
Political Structure
The political system transitioned from democracy to a dictatorship
Read MoreLife Under Slavery and the Gilded Age Economy
Life for Enslaved Men and Women
During the nineteenth century, enslaved African Americans worked on large plantations in the US South under brutal conditions.
Daily Life and Coping Mechanisms
- In the early 19th century, most enslaved men and women worked on large agricultural plantations as house servants or field hands.
- Life for enslaved men and women was brutal; they were subject to repression, harsh punishments, and strict racial policing.
- Enslaved people adopted a variety of mechanisms to cope with
WACC, NPV, IRR, Cost of Equity & Capital Structure Formulas
1. Cost of Equity (Dividend Growth Model)
Use when given the last dividend, growth rate, and price
Steps
Find next year’s dividend
Next dividend = Last dividend × (1 + growth rate)
Cost of equity = (Next dividend ÷ Stock price) + Growth rate
Excel
=(D0*(1+g)/Price) + g
2. Cost of Debt (Yield to Maturity)
Your system almost always uses annual coupons, even if the bond states semiannual.
Steps
Coupon payment = Coupon rate × Par value.
Discount each payment using a trial interest rate until the present value
English Irregular Verbs with Spanish Translations
English Irregular Verbs with Spanish Translations
Infinitive (Spanish) — Past Simple — Past Participle. Alternative forms are shown when applicable.
| Infinitive (Spanish) | Past Simple | Past Participle |
|---|---|---|
| Be (ser) | was | been |
| Beat (golpear) | beat | beaten |
| Become (volverse) | became | become |
| Begin (empezar) | began | begun |
| Bend (doblar) | bent | bent |
| Bet (apostar) | bet | bet |
| Bite (morder) | bit | bitten |
| Bleed (sangrar) | bled | bled |
| Blow (soplar) | blew | blown |
| Break (romper) | broke | broken |
| Bring (llevar, traer) | brought | brought |
| Build (construir) | built | built |
| Burn (quemar) | burnt |
New Testament & Christology: Parables, Gospels, and Doctrine
Unit 1: Introduction to the New Testament & Christology
Parables
Parable — a short story that uses everyday images to communicate religious messages. Parables both reveal and conceal. Different types of parables include:
- The Surprise of Gods Kingdom
- Gods upside-down Kingdom
- Gods Kingdom that requires a decision
Key Figures
- King Herod ambitious, brutal, and successful; rebuilt the Temple in Jerusalem; allowed local rulers to oversee small areas as long as they pledged allegiance to Rome; maintained
Final Accounts: Trading, Profit & Loss, Balance Sheet Accounting
Final Accounts and Financial Statements
Final accounts are the financial statements prepared at the end of an accounting period to ascertain the financial performance (profit or loss) and the financial position (assets and liabilities) of a business. Final accounts typically consist of the Trading Account, the Profit & Loss Account, and the Balance Sheet.
Trading Account — Gross Profit or Loss
The Trading Account is prepared to ascertain the gross profit or gross loss resulting from buying and
Read MoreEngine Components and Vehicle Systems — इंजन भाग व प्रणालियाँ
प्रश्न 2 (a) : इंजन के भागों के कार्य (स्केच सहित)
(i) Cylinder Head
सिलेंडर के ऊपरी भाग को बंद करता है।
इसमें वाल्व, स्पार्क प्लग / इंजेक्टर लगे होते हैं।
दहन कक्ष का निर्माण करता है।
(ii) Piston Rings
गैस लीकेज रोकती हैं।
तेल
Mechanical Design Methodology and Morphology Principles
Design Methodology
Definition:
Design methodology is a systematic and structured approach used by engineers to convert a need or problem into a working and efficient mechanical system. It involves a sequence of steps such as identifying the problem, conceptualizing ideas, analyzing alternatives, and developing the final design.
Explanation:
In mechanical engineering, design methodology helps in achieving reliable, cost-effective, and innovative solutions. It ensures that all aspects like functionality,
LBO Drivers, Valuation, Carry, Debt Structure & Restructuring
LBO Key Drivers and Success Factors
The key drivers in an LBO are entry valuation, debt level and cost, EBITDA growth, and the exit multiple. Value is created through operational improvements and cash generation used to repay debt. Successful deals rely on stable cash flows, strong management, and reasonable leverage. Failures arise from excessive debt, unrealistic growth expectations, adverse macro conditions, rising interest rates, or covenant breaches.
EV/EBITDA Valuation: Strengths and Weaknesses
EV/
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