Understanding the Legal Framework of Arrest Procedures

Arrest

The arrest is sufficient if there is a submission to the custody by word or action, in which case, there is no need for actual touch or confinement of the body of such person. An arrest in police custody does not necessarily mean custody after formal arrest, but also includes some form of police surveillance and restrictions on the movements of the person concerned by police. Procedure for arrest of accused viz., (i) commission of offense, (ii) registration of FIR, (iii) start of investigation,
Read More

Understanding Imperialism and Its Impact on Global History

Imperialism: It was a political, social, and military movement (19th-20th century). It was led by European countries and later by Japan, the USA, and Russia. The main objective was to become a large empire, so each country needed to conquer some territories (in Africa, Canada, Australia, and Asia) known as colonies.

Causes of Imperialism:

  • Economic Interests: Industrialized European countries were in search of new markets (to sell their surplus products) and they also wanted to obtain more raw materials
Read More

Essential Concepts of IS, OS, DBMS, and Data Visualization

Information Systems (IS) Fundamentals

Defining an Information System (IS)

An Information System (IS) consists of interrelated components that collect (or retrieve), process, store, and distribute information for business decisions.

The Five Components of an IS

  • Data
  • People
  • Networks
  • Hardware
  • Software

IS Components and Data Access

Access is a data management application where data can be created, deleted, or stored. Data is one of the five essential components making up an Information System.

Data Visualization

Read More

Machine Learning Model Types and Data Preprocessing

Machine Learning Model Types and Descriptions

1. Geometric Models

Geometric models represent data as points in a multidimensional space. Learning involves finding geometric structures like hyperplanes, clusters, or nearest neighbors that can separate or classify the data. These models rely on the distance between data points, vector spaces, and geometric transformations.

  • Examples: Linear Classifiers (Perceptron, Logistic Regression, SVM), Nearest Neighbor Classifiers (k-NN), Clustering Models (K-means)
Read More

Understanding Hormones: Functions, Types, and Regulation

Understanding Hormones and Their Functions

K. Kimicar hormones exert their action in a small equilibrium between secretion and elimination. Variations in blood hormone levels can produce alterations, and hormone removal is essential for health. Hormones are produced through urine or by destruction in the liver, and they are transported through the blood to act according to their functions.

Types of Hormones

  • Regulate various endocrine glands based on their origin.
  • Types include proteins and lipids.

Regulation

Read More

Understanding Relational Database Concepts and Operations

1. Relational Model Basics
Key Concepts:

  • A relation is a set of tuples (no duplicates, no ordering).
  • Each tuple conforms to the relation’s schema.
  • Primary keys uniquely identify tuples.
  • Foreign keys maintain referential integrity.

Practice Question: Consider a library database with Books(ISBN, title, author, year). Which statement is true?

  • a) Two books can have the same ISBN if they’re different editions.
  • b) The order of book records affects query results.
  • c) Each book record must conform to the (ISBN, title,
Read More

Understanding Reaction Time and Information Processing

Information Processing & Reaction Time Revision Sheet

1. Core Concept
The human brain processes information like a computer, in a series of stages from receiving a stimulus to producing a response. The speed of this processing can be measured by Reaction Time (RT).

2. The Information-Processing Model
A three-stage model explaining how sensory input is transformed into motor output.

  • Input: Information from the environment received via the senses.

  • Stimulus Identification Stage: Deciding if a stimulus

Read More

Indian Corporate and Consumer Law: Key Concepts and Regulatory Bodies

Company Law: Formation and Securities

Company Formation: The Registration Procedure

  1. Meaning: Registration is the legal process by which a company is formally created and recognized as a separate legal entity under the Companies Act. It ensures that the company can legally enter into contracts, own property, and conduct business in its own name.

  2. Introduction: A company cannot exist legally until it is registered with the Registrar of Companies (ROC). Registration provides the company with a distinct

Read More

Strategic Management Concepts and Core Components

Understanding Strategic Management

Strategic management is the set of decisions and actions that result in the formulation and implementation of plans designed to achieve a company’s objectives.

Dimensions of Strategic Management

1. Top-Management Decisions

  • Strategic decisions overarch several areas of a firm’s operations.
  • Usually, only top management has the perspective needed to understand their broad implications.
  • Only top managers have the power to authorize necessary resource allocations.

2. Large

Read More

Plant-Based Contaminant Cleanup: Phytoremediation Principles

What Is Phytoremediation?

The term phytoremediation combines two Latin words: “plant” and “remedy.” It is defined as the use of plants to metabolize, immobilize, or transfer and detoxify contaminants. It removes toxic substances from the soil through their natural metabolic pathways. It is a low-cost, sustainable, and aesthetically friendly remedy that removes elemental contaminants from the environment.

When Was Phytoremediation Identified?

People first discovered metal-tolerant plants in

Read More