The Five Historical Periods of Roman Law Evolution
Approach to the Study of Roman Law History
The political conception prevailing in each historical period conditions the system of sources of law. Using a legal perspective, rather than a purely historical one, we can distinguish five main stages:
1. Archaic Period (7th Century BC – 450 BC)
This period begins with the founding of Rome in the 7th century BC by Romulus, its first king. The monarchy, or regnum, was the prevailing political form for two and a half centuries. This early stage is considered
Read MoreKey Concepts in Indian Business and Corporate Law
Partnership Law: Dissolution and Partner Roles
Dissolution of a Firm (Sections 39-47, IPA, 1932)
According to Section 39 of the Indian Partnership Act, 1932, dissolution of a firm means the breaking up or termination of the relationship between all the partners of the firm. Once dissolved, the business ceases, assets are realized, and liabilities are paid off.
This is distinct from dissolution of partnership, which may occur without ending the firm’s existence (e.g., a change in partners). Dissolution
Read MoreIrish Language Decline & Ireland’s Globalization Success
The Irish Language: History, Decline, and Revival
1. Defining Language
Language is the primary means of communication with which people express their ideas, feelings, and information. It is not only speaking; it also creates a sense of identity (group cohesion) and serves as historical memory. It is a factor that differentiates people.
2. What is Irish (Gaeilge)?
Irish is a Celtic language, part of the group that includes Scots Gaelic, Welsh, Breton, Manx, and Cornish. It belongs to the larger Indo-
Read MoreDatabase Concurrency, Normalization, and PL/pgSQL Programming
Transaction Concurrency: Preventing the Lost Update Problem
The Lost Update Problem occurs when two transactions simultaneously update the same data, resulting in one update overwriting the changes made by the other. This concurrency issue leads to data inconsistency.
It can be prevented using locking mechanisms, such as row-level exclusive locks, which ensure that only one transaction can modify the specific data item at any given time.
Core Database Concepts: True or False Statements
Using procedural
The Evolution of Taxation and Optimal Tax Design Principles
History and Evolution of Taxation
Taxation has always been an essential aspect of society, evolving from the simplest systems in ancient civilizations to the intricate frameworks of the modern era. Understanding the history of taxation reveals the intricate relationship between governance, social contracts, and economic systems.
Ancient Beginnings of Taxation (3000 BCE onwards)
Taxes trace their origins to the earliest civilizations, where they were levied as payments in kind rather than monetary forms.
Read MoreWCAG Principles: Making Web Content Accessible
Web Accessibility Fundamentals (WCAG)
This document discusses why web accessibility is important and how to make your website more accessible. Many people ignore accessibility, but it is a legal requirement in many places and it helps everyone, including people with disabilities. We will look at the main principles of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG).
The Four Core Principles of WCAG
WCAG stands for Web Content Accessibility Guidelines. It has four main principles, often remembered by
Read MoreConstruction Earthwork and Excavation Techniques
Geotechnical Testing and Site Preparation
Geotechnical Soil Testing
Soil testing (geotechnical) is performed through test borings to determine foundation pressure and bearing capacity. Samples are taken across the site and summarized in a comprehensive geotechnical report.
Subgrade Preparation and Layout
Subgrade preparation involves several critical steps:
- Clearing the site and removing organic topsoil.
- Excavating to the required depth.
- Grading and compacting the soil to the proper density.
- Replacing soft
Physical Education: Meaning, Definitions, Aims, and Objectives
Physical Education: Meaning and Core Concepts
Let’s begin by clarifying what Physical Education (PE) is not. PE does not mean punishing fitness and conditioning exercises (“No Pain, No Gain”), even when inflicted as a form of punishment (“Give twenty Pushups or twenty Dand Baithaks”). Physical Education is not merely play or recreational time when no instruction need occur, nor is it a non-intellectual activity with no claim to a place in formal education.
What Physical Education Truly Is
Physical
Read MorePython Fundamentals Quiz: 99 Essential Concepts
Section 1: Basics, Variables, and Data Types (Q1–Q16)
Q1 Who created Python? Yeongin Kim / Bill Gates / Justin Martin / Guido Van Rossum
Q2 What does the Garbage Collector do? Hides memory / Deletes object permanently, frees memory / Renames object / Creates new object
Q3 What type of language is Python? Compiled / Dismissed / Interpreted / Associated
Q4 A Syntax Error occurs when misusing: Keywords / Parenthesis / Punctuations / One of the above
Q5 A Logical Error results in: Unexpected output / Crash
Read MoreFocus Group Setup and Moderation Techniques for Research
Research Group Methodology and Setup
Participant Selection and Contact Protocols
The contact process must be intentional and carried out by qualified personnel. A number of precautions must be taken into account to ensure the right choice of participants:
- The persons contacted must meet all properties listed in the group design.
- The system is often influenced by a person whose views are perceived as more authorized or preferred than the rest of the people (e.g., professional authority, experts, recognized