Gratuity, Pension Tax Rules and Residential Status in India
Q. 4. Give a Detailed Note on the Following
(i) Gratuity
Gratuity is a monetary benefit paid by an employer to an employee in recognition of past service. It is generally paid at the time of retirement, resignation, death, or termination, provided the employee has completed a specified number of years of service.
The taxability of gratuity under Section 10(10) of the Income Tax Act depends on the type of employee:
A. Government Employees (Central / State / Local Authority)
- Gratuity received by a government
Keynesian Multiplier and Fiscal Policy Effects
Keynesian Multiplier Effect
The idea of compensating changes in private demand with changes in public expenditure rests on the Keynesian Multiplier. An increase in public spending increases domestic production, which also increases agents’ disposable income in the economy. In turn, these revenues are used to finance consumer demand and investment, leading to a further increase in production, which generates more income, and so on. Multiplier:
Conclusion 1: Haavelmo Theorem
An increase in government
Read MoreIris Marion Young’s Critique of Justice and Oppression
Iris Marion Young was a prominent political philosopher whose critical thinking significantly influenced contemporary debates on justice, democracy, and social oppression. Her work is marked by a sustained critique of traditional liberal political theory and an emphasis on structural injustice and the lived experiences of marginalized groups.
Rejection of Ideal Theory and Focus on Structure
A central aspect of Young’s critical thinking is her rejection of ideal theory, particularly theories of justice
Read MoreCatholic Social Doctrine: Property, Labor, and Economy
19th-Century Social Context and the Church
The 19th-century social context led to the development of the Social Doctrine of the Church (SDC) and specific doctrinal responses to the economic systems of that era.
Social Consequences of Industrialization
The period was defined by harsh social outcomes resulting from the new industrial economic system:
- Widespread Misery: The masses lived in a state of “utter poverty.”
- Social Degeneration: Rapid industrial expansion, scientific discoveries, and a shift in
International Business and Global Marketing Fundamentals
Business Expansion Proposal Template
1. I believe the best country for the company to expand into right now is _____ because it lines up well with the company’s goals and values.
2. Politically, this country is _____, which gives the business more stability and less risk during expansion.
3. A stable political climate also makes it easier for the company to plan long-term without worrying about sudden changes.
4. Economically, the country has _____, and this is important because it affects how much
Read MoreKey Events of the French Revolution Timeline
French Revolution Key Events Timeline
| When | What | Why? |
|---|---|---|
| May 1789 | The Estates General and The National Assembly | An assembly of representatives from the three Estates was called to vote on taxation. King Louis XVI sought to change the taxation system so that all Estates would pay taxes (he needed more money). The voting system was unfair: each Estate had only one vote, despite the unequal representation (303 Nobility, 291 Clergy, 610 Third Estate). The Third Estate demanded one-person, one-vote, but the other |
Company Share Buyback Rules, Conditions & Effects
Share Buyback: Key Rules and Terms
1. Sources of Buyback
Sources: Free reserves (for example, retained earnings), securities premium account, and proceeds of earlier issues (not of the same kind).
Note: You cannot use proceeds from an equity share issue to buy back equity shares.
2. Authorization in the Articles of Association
The buyback must be authorized by the company’s Articles of Association (AOA). Amend the AOA if buyback is not already permitted.
3. Approval Required
Approval thresholds:
- Up to 10%
AVL Tree and MinHeap Java Implementations with Complexity
AVL Tree Java Implementation
Balanced binary search tree (AVL) implementation in Java.
// AVLTree implementation
class AVLTree {
class Node {
int key, height;
Node left, right;
Node(int key) {
this.key = key;
this.height = 1;
}
}
Node root;
int height(Node n) {
return (n == null) ? 0 : n.height;
}
int balance(Node n) {
return (n == null) ? 0 : height(n.left) - height(n.right);
}
Node rotateRight(Biostatistics for Biotechnology: Data, Probability & Analysis
🔵 Unit I — Introduction to Biostatistics
Biostatistics: Definition and Role
Biostatistics is a specialized branch of statistics concerned with the application of statistical principles and methods to biological, medical, and life-sciences data. In modern biological sciences, experiments and observations generate large volumes of data that cannot be interpreted accurately without proper statistical tools. Biostatistics provides a scientific framework to plan experiments, analyze experimental
Read MoreReported Speech and Modals Exercises Answers
Reported Speech Exercises (Workbook Pages 42–63)
WB Page 42 — Exercise 1
- The police warned the people to keep away from the crime…
- We wanted to know why the police officer was arresting him.
- The lawyer advised her client not to wear jeans when he appeared in court the next day.
- My mum reminded me to lock the door when I left that afternoon.
- John denied that he had painted graffiti…
- The bank robber refused to tell the detective where he had hidden…
- The victim complained that the police hadn’t turned