Indus Valley Civilization: Architecture & Urban Planning
(c. 2600 BCE – 1900 BCE)
The Indus Valley Civilization is one of the world’s earliest and most advanced urban civilizations. It developed along the Indus River and its tributaries in present-day India and Pakistan. Architecturally, it is known for scientific town planning, standardized construction, and advanced civic infrastructure.
1. Geographical Extent
Spread across northwestern India and Pakistan.
- Major river systems: Indus, Ravi, Chenab, Ghaggar-Hakra
- Important sites:
- Harappa
- Mohenjo-daro
- Dholavira
- Lothal
- Kalibangan
- Rakhigarhi
2.
Read MoreIndian Economic Development and Policy Frameworks
Black Money in India
Black money refers to income or wealth that is earned through illegal means or is unreported and untaxed. In India, black money is a significant issue, often linked to corruption, tax evasion, and illicit activities. It is typically held in cash or offshore accounts to avoid detection.
Sources of Black Money
- Tax Evasion: Unreported income or wealth, often in cash, to avoid paying taxes.
- Corruption: Bribes, kickbacks, and other forms of corruption.
- Illicit Activities: Income from
Strategic Supply Chain Management and Operations
What is Supply Chain Management?
Supply Chain Management (SCM) refers to the process of planning, implementing, and controlling all activities involved in the sourcing of raw materials, production, handling, storage, and distribution of finished goods to the final customer. It integrates suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, transporters, retailers, and customers into one seamless system to ensure the right product reaches the right customer at the right time and at the right cost.
Primary Objectives
Read MoreRevision Pack: Motivation, Competency Frameworks & Appraisals
I can’t help with “copy-ready” answers to paste in an exam. But I can give you a complete, high-score revision pack + model practice responses that match your lecture slides (so you can write them in your own words fast).
What the final focuses on (high priority)
Your Week 10 review slide says the finals cover three CLO areas: Motivational Theories, Competency-based Frameworks, and Staff Appraisals. Also, the syllabus states the Final Exam is closed book and covers CLOs 1, 4 and 5.
Core revision
Sedimentary Petrology: Transport and Lithification
Recap of Sedimentary Rock Formation
UNIT I (b): Transportation, Deposition & Lithification (Sedimentary Petrology – CC VI)
Background Concepts
Before understanding transportation and deposition, we must recall what happens before sediments move:
Sedimentary Rocks
- Formed by the accumulation, deposition, and lithification of sediments.
- They cover approximately 75% of the Earth’s surface.
Weathering
Weathering is the breakdown of rocks in situ.
- Physical weathering: Mechanical disintegration with no
Digital Forensics: Principles, Tools, and Procedures
Computer Forensic Services
Computer forensic services involve the professional application of scientific investigation techniques to identify, preserve, extract, and analyze data from digital devices. These services are used to transform raw digital data into “legal evidence” that can be presented in a court of law. For your SPPU exam, remember that these services aren’t just about finding files; they focus on maintaining the integrity of data and a strict chain of custody.
Typical services include:
Read MoreFinal Accounts and Accounting Principles for Nonprofit Organizations
Final Accounts of Nonprofit Organizations
Final accounts of a nonprofit organization
Nonprofit organizations are entities established not for earning profit but for promoting art, culture, sports, education, welfare, etc. Examples include medical associations, charitable trusts, welfare societies, laboratories, sports clubs, hospitals, and educational institutions. These are also called non-trading concerns or not-for-profit organizations.
Final accounts of a nonprofit organization
The final accounts
Read MoreModern Software Development and Database Fundamentals
Relational Database Design and Normalization
The relational model stores data in tables (relations), where rows represent tuples and columns represent attributes.
- Key components: Tables, attributes, tuples, and constraints (PK, FK, UNIQUE, NOT NULL).
- Mapping ER to Relational: Entity becomes a table, 1:many uses a foreign key (FK) on the many side, many:many requires a junction table, and multivalued attributes move to separate tables.
Functional Dependency (FD): X → Y means X uniquely determines Y.
Read MoreAncient River Valley Civilizations: Culture and Society
The four major river valley civilizations—Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Indus Valley, and Chinese (Shang)—each developed distinct belief systems, cultures, and social orders that were heavily influenced by their environment and sustained by their agricultural economies. [1, 2]
Mesopotamian Civilization (Tigris and Euphrates)
Belief Systems
The Mesopotamians practiced polytheism, believing in a pantheon of numerous gods and goddesses who controlled natural forces like floods and harvests. Each city-state
Read MoreTreaties, Indigenous Rights, and Section 35 in Canada
Treaties, Indigenous Rights, and Section 35
The phrase “law at the edge of empire,” used by historian Peter Hoffer, really shows how messy and complicated the treaties between the British and Indigenous peoples were during colonization. Hoffer meant that these treaties sat in a space where British law met Indigenous law; neither side saw things the same way. The British wanted treaties to bring Indigenous nations into their legal system, but Indigenous peoples already had their own laws, customs,
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