Fundamentals of Science and Technical English Vocabulary

1. Matter: Atomic Structure and Compounds

Key Concepts in Matter

  • Atom Structure: Includes the electron, and the nucleus (containing the proton and neutron).
  • Atomic Identification: Defined by Mass number and Atomic number.
  • Example Compound: CH4 (Methane) is a compound.

Foundational Terminology (Spanish Translation)

  • Foundations = fundamento

Matter Vocabulary Definitions

  1. Neutron: A part of an atom with no electrical charge.
  2. Electron: A part of an atom with a negative electrical charge.
  3. Molecule: The smallest
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Essential English Vocabulary: Phrasal Verbs & Suffixes

Common English Expressions and Phrasal Verbs

  • at least → al menos
  • be known for → ser conocido por
  • bring about → producir
  • catch on → popularizarse
  • catch on → darse cuenta / entender
  • come across → encontrarse
  • come up with → idear / proponer
  • erupt → estallar
  • get about → moverse
  • head for → dirigirse hacia
  • in advance → por adelantado
  • lead to → conducir a
  • media frenzy → escándalo en los medios
  • meet demand → satisfacer la demanda
  • put strain on → forzar
  • scenes of chaos → escenas de caos
  • set
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Earth’s Geodynamic Cycle: Rock Formation and Volcanoes

The Geodynamic Cycle: Earth Material Transformation

Also called the Geodynamic Cycle or Rock Cycle, this set of processes explains how Earth materials change and transform geological substances. This cycle relates to erosion and plate tectonics operating over vast temporal scales.

Stages of Rock Formation

The cycle involves various stages, resulting in different rock formations:

Stage 1: Formation of Igneous Rocks

Igneous rocks form when magma cools and solidifies into interlocking crystals. These rocks

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Fluid Power Systems: Hydraulics and Pneumatics Components

Fluid Definition and Application

A Fluid is a substance that flows, deforms, and changes shape when subject to a force or stress. It has no fixed shape but adapts its surface to the shape of its container.

Hydraulic Systems

Hydraulic systems are utilized where large, precise forces are required. Some common applications include:

  • Tablet compression machines
  • Bioreactor mixing and agitation
  • Autoclave door actuation in sterilization units
  • Aseptic packaging
  • Hydraulic presses for sample preparation

All hydraulic

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Ireland’s Transformation: Language Revival and Economic Globalization

The Irish Language: Identity, History, and Revival

Language is one of the most important parts of any culture. It is not only a way to communicate but also a symbol of community, identity, and history. For the Irish people, the Irish language (Gaeilge) represents a deep connection with their past and their national identity. However, over time, the position of Irish has changed, and today it faces both challenges and opportunities for revival.

Defining Language and Its Cultural Role

Language is fundamental

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LLM Cheatsheet: Essential Concepts and Architectures

LLM Cheatsheet: Essential Concepts

Everything you need to recall about Large Language Models (LLMs) — summarized on one page.


What is a Large Language Model (LLM)?

A Large Language Model (LLM) is a deep learning model trained on vast amounts of text data to understand, generate, and manipulate human language.

  • Examples: GPT-4, Claude, LLaMA, Gemini, Mistral, Falcon
  • Core Technology: The Transformer Architecture

LLM Core Components

ComponentDescription
TokenizerConverts text into tokens (subwords, words)
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Social Entrepreneurship: Collaboration and Institutional Impact

Social Entrepreneurship: The Power of Collective Action (Davie, 2011)

Grace Davie’s article, Social Entrepreneurship: A Call for Collective Action (2011), argues that solving social problems should not be left to individual social entrepreneurs alone. Instead, she believes that teamwork and collaboration are essential to making real and lasting change.

Challenging the “Hero” Social Entrepreneur Idea

Many people see social entrepreneurs as heroic individuals who change the world through their

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Data Structures and Algorithms: Definitions and Analysis

Data Structures: Definition and Categories

A data structure is a specialized way of organizing, storing, and managing data in a computer to enable efficient access, manipulation, and operations. It defines how data is stored and the relationships between data elements.

Data structures are categorized into two main types:

  • Primitive Data Structures: These are basic building blocks like integers, floats, characters, and booleans, which handle simple data types directly supported by the programming language.
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Civil Procedure Code: Return and Rejection of Plaint

Return of Plaint (Order 7 Rule 10 CPC)

Introduction

It is a general principle of law that courts cannot entertain a suit unless they have jurisdiction to do so. When a suit is instituted in a court that determines it lacks jurisdiction to entertain the matter, the plaint must be returned to the plaintiff under Order 7 Rule 10 CPC for presentation to the proper court.

Meaning of Plaint

Plaint is not defined by the Code, so it must be taken in an ordinary sense:

“It is a written memorial tendered to

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The Spanish Civil War: Origins, Factions, and Global Intervention

The 1936 Coup d’État and the Start of the Civil War

The military uprising began on July 17th in Melilla, extending across the Iberian Peninsula on the 18th and 19th. The government, led by Prime Minister Casares Quiroga, reacted slowly and resigned. Diego Martínez Barrio was briefly appointed but resigned due to lack of support. Finally, on July 19th, José Giral formed a new government and made the crucial decision to deliver weapons to civilians. Citizens immediately engaged in the defense of

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