Islamic Law and Civilization in Al-Andalus
Section 1: Islamic Law in Al-Andalus
Spain was largely dominated by Muslims following their conquest starting in 711. This territory operated under Islamic law, which is deeply intertwined with the religion and the fundamental pillars of Muslim civilization.
Pillars of Islamic Civilization
These pillars form the core of the Islamic faith and practice:
- Faith (Shahada): This is the primary and most crucial Muslim dogma. It is a monotheistic belief centered on Allah as the one God, and Muhammad as His
Essential Linux Command Reference for System Tasks
1. Information Maintenance Commands
wc (Word Count)
Counts lines, words, and characters in a file.
wc file.txt— Show lines, words, and characterswc -l file.txt— Count only lineswc -w file.txt— Count only wordswc -c file.txt— Count only characters
clear (Clear Screen)
Clears the terminal screen.
clear
cal (Calendar)
Displays a calendar of the current or specified month/year.
cal— Show current month’s calendarcal 2025— Show calendar for the year 2025cal 03 2025— Show calendar for March
Blockchain Technology Fundamentals: Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Consensus
Blockchain Technology Fundamentals
What is Bitcoin?
Bitcoin is the foundational concept that introduced the world to blockchain technology. It is fundamentally a decentralized, peer-to-peer electronic cash system designed to solve the Double-Spending Problem without relying on a trusted third party like a bank. The Bitcoin network operates on a public, immutable ledger (the Bitcoin Blockchain) which chronologically records every transaction. This ledger is secured by the Proof-of-Work (PoW) consensus
Read MoreC++ Data Structures: Circular List, AVL Rotations, DFS & Palindrome
Create and Display a Circular Singly Linked List
In a circular singly linked list, the last node’s next pointer points back to the head instead of NULL.
C++
// struct definition
struct Node {
int data;
Node* next;
};
// Function to insert a node (Creating the list)
void insertEnd(Node*& head, int value) {
Node* newNode = new Node();
newNode->data = value;
if (head == NULL) {
head = newNode;
newNode->next = head; // Points to itself
Windows Desktop and Internet Networking Fundamentals
Windows Desktop Environment Components
The elements listed below are core components of the Graphical User Interface (GUI) of the Microsoft Windows operating system, which is centered around the Desktop interface.
Desktop Elements and Icons
The Desktop is the main screen area you see after logging into the operating system. It acts as the primary workspace where programs are opened and common files or shortcuts are stored.
| Component | Description |
|---|---|
| Icon | A small graphical representation (picture) of a program, |
Rough Sets, Pareto Optimality, and Swarm Algorithms Explained
24(a) Meaning of Indiscernibility
Two objects are indiscernible if they have same values for a chosen set of attributes.
Forms equivalence classes (granules).
Basis for lower/upper approximations in Rough Sets.
24(b) Reduct & Core
Reduct
Minimum subset of attributes giving same classification power as full set.
Removing any attribute → information loss.
Core
Intersection of all reducts
Contains attributes must for classification.
Example (Medical dataset)
Attributes: Headache, Muscle Pain, Temperature
Java Fundamentals: JDBC, File I/O, and Network Socket Programming
Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) Implementation
This example demonstrates establishing a connection to a MySQL database, executing a complex SQL query, and processing the resulting data set. Note the use of standard Java naming conventions and proper exception handling.
JDBC Connection and Data Retrieval Code (Cs391Jdbc1.java)
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.Statement;
import java.sql.SQLException;
public class Cs391Jdbc1 {
Comprehensive Analysis of Indian Economic Policies and Market Structures
The Role and Functions of SEBI in India
Introduction: The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is the regulator of the securities market in India. It was established to protect investor interests, regulate the market, and ensure transparency and fairness.
Key Roles of SEBI
- Investor Protection: SEBI safeguards investors from unfair practices, frauds, and malpractices in the securities market.
- Market Regulation: It regulates stock exchanges, brokers, and other intermediaries to ensure smooth
19th Century European History: Key Concepts and Events
Core Themes in 19th Century European History
- Conservatism vs. Liberalism vs. Socialism vs. Nationalism
- Industrialization leading to class conflict and political reform
- Unification through diplomacy and war (Italy and Germany)
- Modernization failures resulting in revolution (Russia)
- World War I and the subsequent unstable peace
Chronological Glossary of Historical Terms
Political Thinkers and Early Reform
Edmund Burke: A conservative thinker reacting to the French Revolution; he argued for tradition, gradual
Read MoreScreens, Systems & Safety: Multimedia, AI and Online Privacy
Slide 1 – Title Slide
Topic: Screens, Systems, and Safety: Understanding Multimedia, AI, and Online Privacy
Slide 2 – Multimedia
Definition: Combines text, images, audio, video, and animations to communicate information.
Example: YouTube videos, movies.
Slide 3 – Pros & Cons of Multimedia
Pros:
- Improves understanding of complex topics.
- Shares information quickly worldwide.
- Boosts creativity and communication skills.
Cons:
- Can spread misinformation.
- Too much screen time harms eyesight, sleep, and focus.