Catholic Social Teaching: Foundations, History, and Application
What is Catholic Social Teaching (CST)?
Catholic Social Teaching (CST) is a set of reflections in modern times embracing different aspects of social life. It emerged in 1891 with the encyclical Rerum Novarum by Pope Leo XIII. It is a teaching also addressed to non-believers.
Doctrine and Texts
CST has two realities:
- Doctrine: The set of teachings that the Church reflects upon.
- Texts: Written documents that religious institutions create to spread the Word (the Gospel and Church teachings).
Sources of Catholic
Read MoreBiotechnology Fundamentals: Genetics, Recombinant DNA, and Therapeutics
Biotechnology: Definitions and Core Concepts
Definition: Biotechnology uses living organisms or their products to solve problems or create useful items.
Historical and Modern Techniques
Historical Uses
- Fermentation
- Selective breeding
- Antibiotics
Modern Techniques
- Gene cloning
- Genetic engineering
- Recombinant DNA
- CRISPR-Cas (Gene Editing)
- Synthetic genomes
Disciplines Involved
- Biology
- Chemistry
- Physics
- Mathematics
- Computer science and Bioinformatics
- Engineering
Applications of Biotechnology
- Disease-resistant crops
- Golden
Quality Management Fundamentals: Juran’s Spheres and Deming’s 14 Points
Foundational Concepts in Quality Management
Defining Quality
Quality is the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bears on its ability to satisfy stated or implied needs.
Approaches to Quality Definition
- User-Based Approach: Related to users defining the features and attributes they consider important.
- Manufacturing-Based Approach: Relates to meeting engineering specifications in order to meet quality standards. This is generally the most comfortable definition for engineers
Canadian Retirement Planning: RRSP, CPP, OAS, and Tax Rules
RRSP Contribution Rules and Limits
Calculating the RRSP Limit
The RRSP Limit is calculated as: Lesser of (18% of earned income, RRSP dollar limit) minus Pension Adjustment (PA) plus Unused RRSP Room.
The RRSP Dollar Limit for 2023 is $30,780.
Earned Income vs. Excluded Income
Earned Income includes:
- Employment income
- Net business income
- Net rental income
- Taxable alimony
- CPP disability benefits
Excluded Income includes:
- Investment income
- Pension income
- Severance pay
Pension Adjustment (PA)
The Pension Adjustment
Read MoreFoundations and Theories of Public International Law
History of International Law
Origins of International Law
International law does not exist in a vacuum – shaped by historical context and key events.
Early interactions between communities (trade, war) created customary rules.
Ancient traces: Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China, Greece.
Foundational Thinkers (15th–17th C.)
Francisco de Vitoria – Indigenous peoples’ inherent sovereignty and property rights.
Francisco Suarez – Jus gentium (law of nations); right to rebellion.
Alberico Gentili – Secularized
Advanced English Vocabulary for Life, Culture, and Grammar
Essential English Vocabulary and Grammar Patterns
Relationships and Personal Life
Dating and Breakups Expressions
- Ask someone out
- Be on the rebound
- Be seeing someone
- Be through (finished)
- Break off a relationship
- Cheat on someone
- Dump a boyfriend/girlfriend
- Fancy someone
- Have a crush on someone
- Have a date with someone
- Have a row with someone (argument)
- Hurt
- On the rocks (in trouble)
- Split up with someone
- There are plenty more fish in the sea
Commitment and Relationship Challenges
- Change your mind
- Go stale (become
Spain’s Economic Transformation Under Franco (1939–1973)
Spain’s International Position and Post-War Isolation
During the Second World War, Spain remained neutral, despite Franco’s meetings with Mussolini and Hitler. However, in late 1941, Spain partially supported the Axis by sending the Blue Division (Falangist volunteers) to fight against Russia. Only half of those volunteers returned by 1944.
After the war, the Franco regime faced severe challenges:
- Prince Juan de Borbón of Spain claimed the throne in 1945.
- The struggles of the maquis increased, harassing
Foundational Methods in Language Acquisition and Pedagogy
Defining Major Language Teaching Methods and Features
The Classical Method
The classical education movement advocates a form of education rooted in the traditions of Western culture, focusing particularly on education as understood and taught in Classical antiquity and the Middle Ages. The curriculum and pedagogy of classical education were first developed during the Middle Ages.
Key Characteristics in Vernacular Languages
- Fostering morphology to the detriment of syntax.
- The presence of a phonetic section.
The Road to War: Causes of the Spanish Civil War (1936)
The Spanish Civil War: A Dress Rehearsal for Global Conflict
The **Spanish Civil War** started on **July 17, 1936**. This conflict became known as the *dress rehearsal* for World War Two and profoundly influenced the further development of conflict in Europe in the twentieth century. Over the span of this three-year war, Spain suffered around **500,000 casualties**, making it one of the deadliest wars in Spanish history. The immediate causes of the Spanish Civil War have been examined and debated
Read MoreLegal Procedures: Jurisdiction, Litigation, and ADR Concepts
True or False Questions on Legal Procedure
If Lorenzo is seeking an injunction against Brenda to prevent her from selling materials that infringe his copyright, he is entitled to a jury trial if the value of the materials is over $100.
Answer: False
Disputants Martin and Daulton have hired Thurman to mediate their disagreement. Although Martin and Daulton must accept whatever decision Thurman makes, the mediation has the advantage of keeping Martin and Daulton out of court.
Answer: False
Hankrin Corp.