Liberalism, Neoliberalism and Economic Nationalism
The Evolution of Liberalism
Liberalism has not died, but has continuously evolved in response to economic crises, social change, and political pressures. Although its principles have been challenged at different moments in history, liberalism remains one of the most influential traditions in international political economy and continues to shape global economic institutions and policy debates.
Classical Liberalism and Its Principles
Classical liberalism emerged in the late eighteenth century with thinkers
Read MorePharmacology Concepts: Drugs, Receptors, and Signaling
Parasympathomimetics
Definition
Parasympathomimetics are substances that mimic the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system, stimulating cholinergic receptors.
Classification
- Direct-acting: Cholinergic agonists (e.g., acetylcholine, pilocarpine)
- Indirect-acting: Cholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., neostigmine, physostigmine)
Acetylcholine Pharmacology
Mechanism
- Muscarinic receptors: Stimulates smooth muscle contraction, glandular secretion.
- Nicotinic receptors: Stimulates muscle contraction, ganglionic
BPCC-105 Final Exam: Key Concepts Review
BPCC-105: Final 20-Point Review Checklist
I. Foundations and Ethics
- Goals of Research: The four goals are to Describe (what), Explain (why/cause), Predict (when/relationship), and Control (influence behavior). Scientific research must achieve these systematically.
- Characteristics of Science: Research must be Empirical (based on observation), Objective (unbiased), Verifiable (replicable), and Systematic (planned steps) to maintain scientific rigor and credibility.
- Ethical Issues (Mandatory): Researchers
Indian Income Tax Provisions: PY, Deductions, and Incidence
1. Definition of the Term ‘Previous Year’
The concept of ‘Previous Year’ (PY) is fundamental to the system of income taxation in India and is defined under Section 3 of the Income Tax Act, 1961. The core principle of income tax is that income earned in one year is taxed in the next year.
- Definition: The Previous Year (PY) is the financial year immediately preceding the Assessment Year (AY). It is the year in which the income is earned or accrued.
- Duration: A financial year starts on April 1st and ends
The Chilean Civil Code of 1855: History, Principles, and Interpretation
The Chilean Civil Code: Definition and Scope
The Civil Code is a singular, orderly, and systematic body of private law—a legal framework designed to regulate the civil relations between individuals. Since the nineteenth century, countries across Europe, Latin America, and several nations in Africa, Asia, and Oceania have enacted civil codes.
Historical Context of the Chilean Civil Code
Once independence was achieved, the American nations detached from Spain continued to apply the old, complicated
Read MoreIntracranial Pathology: Brain Tumors, ICP, and Abscess Management
Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP)
The skull is a rigid compartment. Any added volume (tumor, blood, edema, or CSF) raises the Intracranial Pressure (ICP). ICP is considered elevated when it is greater than 20 mmHg (normal is typically less than 15 mmHg).
The relationship between ICP and Cerebral Perfusion Pressure (CPP) is critical: CPP = MAP − ICP. A rising ICP reduces CPP, leading to cerebral ischemia.
Causes of Elevated ICP
- Intracranial mass (tumor, hematoma, large infarct)
- Cerebral edema
- Hydrocephalus
Python Programming Examples: Financial, Retail, and Travel Systems
1. Automated Teller Machine (ATM) System
Problem Summary: Create a menu allowing users to Deposit, Withdraw, Change PIN, and Check Balance. Key Logic: Use a while True loop to keep the program running until the “Exit” option is chosen.
Initial Setup
# --- INITIAL SETUP ---
balance = 5000 # Starting money
pin = 1234 # Default PIN
print("--- WELCOME TO ATM ---")ATM Operations Loop
while True:
# 1. Display Menu [cite: 16]
print("\n1. Deposit 2. Withdraw 3. Check Balance 4. Change PIN Core Concepts in Social Science and Philosophy
Foundations of Social and Natural Sciences
- Social Science
- The foundation and growth of human society.
- Natural Science
- Explains and predicts phenomena in nature.
- Political Science
- The study of politics, institutions, and its processes.
- Sociology
- The scientific study of society.
- Anthropology
- The study of human beings, their origins, society, and cultures.
Fundamental Sociological Concepts
- Institution
- An organized system of social relationships that represents society’s common values.
- Social Relationships
- Relationships
Relational Database Theory: Algebra, Calculus, and FDs
SQL Constraints and Implementation
Constraints are rules applied to columns to ensure Data Integrity. They are usually defined during the CREATE TABLE process.
| Constraint | SQL Implementation Example | Purpose |
|---|---|---|
| NOT NULL | name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL | Ensures a column cannot have an empty value. |
| UNIQUE | email VARCHAR(50) UNIQUE | Ensures all values in a column are different. |
| PRIMARY KEY | id INT PRIMARY KEY | Uniquely identifies each row (implies NOT NULL + UNIQUE). |
| FOREIGN KEY | dept_id INT REFERENCES Dept(id) | Ensures the value exists |
Mastering English Sentence Structure and Connectors
Common Connectors and Adverbs: Usage Contrast
Contrasting Uses of Conjunctions and Adverbs
But
Used for contrast or destination.
Example: Do not go over today, but tomorrow.
If
Introduces a condition. Note: Check if removing “not” changes the sentence meaning.
Example: He said if I died with him.
Because
Causal conjunction (Since, For).
Example: They moved slowly because it was dangerous.
Why (Relative)
Used as a relative element (e.g., ‘the reason why’).
Example: The walking trail was ugly. (Note: This example