Spain: Restoration to Civil War (1874-1939)
Spain: Restoration to Civil War
The Restoration and the Crisis of ’98
The Return of the Bourbons
In 1874, supporters of the monarchy offered the crown to Alfonso de Borbón, son of Isabel II. Guided by Cánovas del Castillo, Alfonso issued a manifesto from the Sandhurst Military Academy, accepting the offer. He arrived in Madrid in 1875, reigning as Alfonso XII.
The Political System of the Restoration
Cánovas aimed to establish a system guaranteeing authority and stability. Authority resided with the
Read MoreAtomic Structure and Wave Phenomena
Item 8: Atomic Structure
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
- Matter consists of individual atoms.
- Atoms are unchanged in chemical reactions.
- Atoms of the same element are identical.
- Atoms of different elements have different masses and chemical properties.
- Chemical compounds are formed by combining two or more atoms of different elements.
- When two or more atoms of different elements combine to form the same compound, they do so in simple whole-number ratios.
- In chemical reactions, atoms are not created nor destroyed,
Endocrine System Overview: Glands, Hormones, and Functions
Endocrine System Overview
Hypothalamus
Located in the brain below the thalamus, the hypothalamus acts as the main integration center between the nervous and endocrine systems. It controls the autonomic nervous system and regulates vital functions such as body temperature, thirst, hunger, and emotional responses like fear and anger.
Pituitary Gland
A pea-sized structure (1.5 cm in diameter) situated in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone, the pituitary gland connects to the hypothalamus via the infundibulum.
Read MoreOccupational Hazards and Labor Practices
Occupational Hazards and Control Techniques
To minimize occupational hazards and their consequences, several techniques are employed:
Training Techniques
These techniques involve instilling safe work practices in employees, creating a safety-conscious work environment. This can be achieved through various training stages, including academic, formal, occupational, or on-the-job training.
Scientific Techniques for Hazard Control
Workplace Safety
This scientific technique aims to protect workers from accidents
Read MoreHume’s Philosophy: Knowledge, Morality, and Religion
Hume: Knowledge and Its Limits
Perceptions and Ideas
For Hume, we do not know objects themselves, but rather our perceptions of them. Perceptions are all that is present in the mind, whether through the senses, passions, or thought. They are of two kinds: impressions and ideas.
Impressions are what we know through the senses. Ideas are copies or images of impressions. While ideas resemble impressions, they are less vivid and are ultimately derived from sensory experience. Thus, our knowledge is limited
Read More12 Business Secrets from Peruvian Entrepreneurs
First Secret: Think Globally
Alfonso Velasquez, former Minister of Production and current asparagus, piquillo peppers, and artichoke exporter, advises, “The field of business is the world; we must look beyond borders.” Globalization and tools like the internet offer entrepreneurs opportunities to discover new business possibilities worldwide.
Second Secret: Take the Leap
Maximo San Roman, former Vice President of Peru, shares his journey from assistant mechanic to founder of the nationally and internationally
Read MoreSpanish Civil War: Causes, Development, and Consequences
The Spanish Civil War
Development of the Civil War
The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) marked a turning point in modern Spanish history, interrupting the democratization process initiated by the Second Republic and leading to decades of dictatorship. The conflict emerged amidst a broader European crisis, with democracy, communism, and fascism vying for dominance. The war began as a military rebellion against the Republic, supported by various political parties and labor unions. Internationally, it
Read MoreNietzsche’s Philosophy: Will to Power and the Revaluation of Life
Will to Power: Nietzsche’s Dynamic Ontology
For Nietzsche, character is mobile and constantly changing. Reality is a matter of perspective, echoing the Presocratic philosopher Heraclitus, who viewed reality as a struggle of opposites. Nietzsche’s ontology challenges traditional views of a fixed and permanent being, proposing instead a nomadic ontology where reality is composed of multiple perspectives. Traditional philosophy, he argues, has privileged the perspectives of Socrates and Plato while
Read MoreRise and Fall of Napoleon & the Restoration of Europe
The Napoleonic Era
Napoleon’s Rise to Power
In 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte became First Consul of France. His policies aimed to consolidate the French Revolution’s achievements, prevent the return of absolutist monarchy, and curb the influence of radical factions. He implemented centralized administrative reforms, creating the position of prefects to enforce his decrees in the provinces. The Civil Code streamlined existing laws, and reforms were introduced to the treasury and education system. The
Read MoreExploring the Bible: History, Structure, and Key Figures
The Bible: A Sacred Text
What is the Bible?
The Bible is the collection of sacred books considered canonical in Judaism and Christianity. The specific books included in the canon vary depending on the religious tradition. According to Jewish and Christian belief, the Bible spreads the word of God. The Bible, or portions of it, has been translated into 2,303 languages.
Navigating the Bible
Each book of the Bible is divided into chapters, marked with large numbers at the beginning of each chapter. For
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