Caterina Albert (Víctor Català) & 19th Century Catalan Literature
Caterina Albert i Paradís (Víctor Català)
Biography and Career
Caterina Albert i Paradís, better known by her pen name Víctor Català, was born in L’Escala on September 11, 1896, and died there on January 27, 1966. Associated with Catalan Modernisme, she was the daughter of a politician and had two brothers. She was a novelist, storyteller, poet, and playwright.
A shy and solitary woman, she was largely self-taught. Her work often explored dark themes, including violence and the harshness of rural
Read MoreKey Real Estate Rights and Property Concepts Explained
Horizontal Property (Condominiums)
Horizontal property refers to distinct floors or apartments within a building that are independent, have direct access to a public way or a common passage, and can belong to different owners. Each owner possesses their apartment exclusively and is a co-owner of the land and common elements.
Owner Duties and Obligations
- Contribute to the costs of repairs of common elements in proportion to their share.
- Refrain from making alterations without common consent.
- Avoid actions,
Franco’s Final Years: Crisis and Opposition in Spain
Opposition and Crisis in Late Francoism
Growing Opposition Movements
The seventies witnessed the end of the Franco regime, coinciding with the death of Francisco Franco and a general crisis. The reorganization of the opposition, fueled by economic and social changes in the sixties, led to increased resistance. More educated individuals often opposed the regime. In 1956, the Communist Party (PCE) launched a national reconciliation policy aimed at an alliance of all parties opposing the dictatorship,
Read MoreSpanish Labor Law: Sources and Constitutional Framework
Concept of Labor Law
Labor law is defined as the set of rules governing paid, voluntary, and dependent work. Key concepts that frame this work activity include:
- Compensation: The employee receives payment for performing work.
- Voluntariness: The worker provides services freely, without coercion or pressure.
- Dependency: Work is performed for an employer, meaning the worker is subordinate and not self-employed.
- Alienation (Fruit of Labor): The results of the worker’s efforts belong to the employer; the
Post-WWI Peace Treaties: Reshaping Central & Eastern Europe
Treaty of St. Germain (1919): Austria
This treaty was signed in 1919 and dealt with Austria following World War I. Key terms included:
- Territorial Losses: Austria lost Bohemia to Czechoslovakia; Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Croatia to Yugoslavia; South Tyrol, Tarvisio, and parts of Carinthia to Italy; and Galicia to Poland.
- Political Restrictions: Anschluss (political union with Germany) was forbidden.
- Military Limitations: Conscription was banned, a navy was forbidden, and the army was limited to 30,000
Spanish Syntax: Complements, Voice, and Sentence Types
Complementos del Predicado Verbal
Complemento Directo (CD)
Se expresa mediante un Sintagma Nominal (SN) o un Sintagma Preposicional (S.Prep) introducido por la preposición a (cuando se refiere a personas o entidades personificadas). Ejemplo: Tengo un libro (SN CD). El CD se sustituye por los pronombres átonos lo, la, los, las.
Complemento Indirecto (CI)
Se expresa mediante un S.Prep introducido por la preposición a. Se sustituye por los pronombres le, les. Otros pronombres que pueden desempeñar
Read MoreModernity and Postmodernism: Defining Cultural Eras
Modernity: An Era of Progress and Reason
Modernity is a period in European history dating from the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. It coincided with the end of the Old Regime and the liberal revolutions, implying significant societal change. Modernity effectively began with the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution.
Key Tenets of Modernity
- Social Utopias: This period featured grand social visions and cultural movements like the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment, a French cultural
Taylorism and Fordism: Scientific Management Principles
Taylorism Explained
Taylorism is a method representing a scientific approach to work organization, pioneered by Frederick W. Taylor. It advocated for specializing worker roles and coordinating operations through pre-planned procedures to combat perceived worker inefficiency, often termed ‘soldiering’. It can be viewed as an early science of administrative work, seeking optimal control over the labor force.
Objectives of Taylorism
Taylor’s primary goal was to increase productivity, leading to higher
Read MoreLeague of Nations: Formation, US Absence & Challenges
Formation of the League of Nations
After World War I, a consensus emerged to prevent future mass slaughter, leading to the agreement that a League of Nations could achieve this goal. However, disagreements arose regarding the organization’s structure.
Competing Visions for the League
- President Wilson (USA): Advocated for a world parliament where representatives of all nations could meet for discussions. This vision ultimately won.
- British Leaders: Preferred a simpler organization, similar to the existing
Medieval & Pre-Renaissance Spanish Literary Works
Medieval Spanish Literature Highlights
Hispano-Hebrew Literature and Conversos
Focus on Hispano-Hebrew literature and works concerning Moors, Conversos (New Christians), often presenting a critical attitude towards the society that despised them for their origins.
Mester de Juglaría (Minstrelsy)
Mester de Juglaría: The craft of minstrels (juglares) who performed epic poems, lyrics, and other works, often for popular audiences.
- Topics: Included military exploits, courtly lyrics, and poetry by both male