Indian Media Law: Free Speech, Privacy & Regulation
Shreya Singhal v. Union of India (2015) Ruling
The Shreya Singhal v. Union of India (2015) case is a landmark judgment in which the Supreme Court of India struck down Section 66A of the Information Technology Act, 2000, declaring it unconstitutional. Here are the key details:
- Background: Shreya Singhal, a law student, challenged Section 66A after two girls were arrested in 2012 for Facebook posts criticizing a Mumbai shutdown following a politician’s death. The provision criminalized sending “grossly
Global Supply Chain Management and Strategic Sourcing
Tema 16 — Supply Chain Management & Global Sourcing
Supply Chain Management: the process of coordinating and integrating the flow of materials, information, finances, and services within and among companies in the value chain from suppliers to the ultimate consumer.
Sourcing Globally
Reasons for sourcing globally:
- Lower prices
- No local availability of certain products
- Competition using better-designed or higher-quality components not available locally
Increasing Use of Electronic Purchasing for Global
Read MoreSemiconductor Memory and Programmable Logic Devices
A) Semiconductor Memory: RAM, ROM, EPROM, and EEPROM
(7 Marks)
1. RAM (Random Access Memory)
Definition: RAM is a type of volatile memory that stores data and instructions currently in use by the processor. It allows the Central Processing Unit (CPU) to access data in any order, hence the term “Random Access.”
Characteristics:
- Volatile: Data is lost when the power is turned off.
- Fast: It provides quick data access and is essential for efficient processing.
- Read/Write: It supports both the reading and writing
Islamic Law and Civilization in Al-Andalus
Section 1: Islamic Law in Al-Andalus
Spain was largely dominated by Muslims following their conquest starting in 711. This territory operated under Islamic law, which is deeply intertwined with the religion and the fundamental pillars of Muslim civilization.
Pillars of Islamic Civilization
These pillars form the core of the Islamic faith and practice:
- Faith (Shahada): This is the primary and most crucial Muslim dogma. It is a monotheistic belief centered on Allah as the one God, and Muhammad as His
Essential Linux Command Reference for System Tasks
1. Information Maintenance Commands
wc (Word Count)
Counts lines, words, and characters in a file.
wc file.txt— Show lines, words, and characterswc -l file.txt— Count only lineswc -w file.txt— Count only wordswc -c file.txt— Count only characters
clear (Clear Screen)
Clears the terminal screen.
clear
cal (Calendar)
Displays a calendar of the current or specified month/year.
cal— Show current month’s calendarcal 2025— Show calendar for the year 2025cal 03 2025— Show calendar for March
Blockchain Technology Fundamentals: Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Consensus
Blockchain Technology Fundamentals
What is Bitcoin?
Bitcoin is the foundational concept that introduced the world to blockchain technology. It is fundamentally a decentralized, peer-to-peer electronic cash system designed to solve the Double-Spending Problem without relying on a trusted third party like a bank. The Bitcoin network operates on a public, immutable ledger (the Bitcoin Blockchain) which chronologically records every transaction. This ledger is secured by the Proof-of-Work (PoW) consensus
Read MoreC++ Data Structures: Circular List, AVL Rotations, DFS & Palindrome
Create and Display a Circular Singly Linked List
In a circular singly linked list, the last node’s next pointer points back to the head instead of NULL.
C++
// struct definition
struct Node {
int data;
Node* next;
};
// Function to insert a node (Creating the list)
void insertEnd(Node*& head, int value) {
Node* newNode = new Node();
newNode->data = value;
if (head == NULL) {
head = newNode;
newNode->next = head; // Points to itself
Windows Desktop and Internet Networking Fundamentals
Windows Desktop Environment Components
The elements listed below are core components of the Graphical User Interface (GUI) of the Microsoft Windows operating system, which is centered around the Desktop interface.
Desktop Elements and Icons
The Desktop is the main screen area you see after logging into the operating system. It acts as the primary workspace where programs are opened and common files or shortcuts are stored.
| Component | Description |
|---|---|
| Icon | A small graphical representation (picture) of a program, |
Rough Sets, Pareto Optimality, and Swarm Algorithms Explained
24(a) Meaning of Indiscernibility
Two objects are indiscernible if they have same values for a chosen set of attributes.
Forms equivalence classes (granules).
Basis for lower/upper approximations in Rough Sets.
24(b) Reduct & Core
Reduct
Minimum subset of attributes giving same classification power as full set.
Removing any attribute → information loss.
Core
Intersection of all reducts
Contains attributes must for classification.
Example (Medical dataset)
Attributes: Headache, Muscle Pain, Temperature
Java Fundamentals: JDBC, File I/O, and Network Socket Programming
Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) Implementation
This example demonstrates establishing a connection to a MySQL database, executing a complex SQL query, and processing the resulting data set. Note the use of standard Java naming conventions and proper exception handling.
JDBC Connection and Data Retrieval Code (Cs391Jdbc1.java)
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.DriverManager;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.Statement;
import java.sql.SQLException;
public class Cs391Jdbc1 {