Understanding Public Contracts: Types, Elements, and Procedures
Unit 5: Review of Public Contracts
A contract is a voluntary agreement creating rights and obligations for both parties, such as a sales contract. A public contract involves the public administration as one party.
Types of Public Contracts
- Contract work
- Contract management services
- Supply contract
- Public-private collaboration agreement
- Mixed contracts
Competition to Hire
Contracts can be made under contract law by ministers and secretaries of state. Not all governmental bodies can hire directly; Recruitment
Read MoreUnderstanding the Structure and Function of the Spanish Parliament
III. Organization of the Cameras.
Parliament, like all parliaments, is a deliberative body composed of a large number of members. To ensure that the large number of components does not obstruct the performance of parliamentary functions, a suitable structure must be provided. For this purpose, governing bodies and functioning bodies are established.
III.1. Governing Bodies.
The governing bodies of the Chamber are the President, the Bureau, and the Board of Spokesmen.
III.1.1) President.
The President
Understanding Service Agreements: Leases, Deposits, & Brokerage
Rental Services
Lease Agreements
Lease agreements, or service contracts, are governed by Article 1544 CC. These contracts involve one party providing a service to another for a set price. There are two main types:
- Obligations of Means/Given Methods: The contractor agrees to perform an activity using specific methods.
- Obligations of Result: The contractor is responsible for achieving a specific result.
These contracts are temporary, lasting for a specific period or until the completion of a defined
Read MoreThe Evolution of Social Movements in Spain: A Historical Overview
5. The First Social Movements
The Birth of the Labor Movement
The first liberal legislation did not cover any labor relations and regulations, explicitly prohibiting workers’ associations. In light of this situation, the first protests against the new industrial working conditions took a violent and illegal form in the 1820s. This was the first Luddism, the first expression of rebellion by workers against the introduction of new machines, which they attributed responsibility for the loss of jobs and
Read MoreSpain’s Global Role: UN, EU, and Cultural Impact
United Nations Membership
The United Nations includes all countries that have accepted its Charter, originally signed in 1941. Currently, all countries are members except Vatican City (an observer state) and Taiwan (due to China’s non-recognition). Spain joined the UN in 1955. All member countries meet in the General Assembly annually or when conflicts arise, with each country having one vote. Decisions require a simple majority (half + 1), or a 2/3 majority for important matters. Resolutions are
Read MoreUnderstanding National Accounts: Key Concepts and Calculations
001. National Product at market prices and domestic product at factor cost differ by the value of:
a. Indirect taxes.
b. Indirect taxes net of subsidies.
c. Direct taxes net of subsidies.
d. Net income earned by domestic factors of production.
002. An increase in indirect taxes:
a. Increases disposable income of households.
b. Increases Net National Product at market prices.
c. Increases National Income.
d. All of the above.
003. Which of the following statements is correct?
a. Planned investment
Spanish Civil War: Origins, Battles, and Outcome
1. The Military Uprising and Internationalization
The political climate of Spain, following the February 1936 elections, was tense. The murders of Lieutenant Jose Castillo of the Assault Guard and subsequently Calvo Sotelo provided a catalyst for a pre-existing military plot to overthrow the Republic. In July 1936, the garrison in Melilla revolted, and the rebellion spread across Morocco and mainland Spain. This triggered a three-year civil war, fueled by several factors:
- The defense of the Republic
Industrial Revolution: Britain’s Transformation and its Global Impact
Economic and Social Change in 18th Century Britain
The Industrial Revolution marked a period of profound economic and social transformation in 18th-century Britain.
Economic Transformations
- Phase 1: Changes in production methods including new energy sources, machinery, and workforce concentration. Development of transportation infrastructure.
- Capitalism: The driving force behind industrial growth.
Social Transformations
- Emergence of a new social class: the proletariat, who sold their labor for wages.
- Rise
Internal Combustion Engine Deep Dive
Internal Combustion Engine
1. History of the Engine
The internal combustion engine evolved from the steam engine. The key difference is that the internal combustion engine generates work from a mixture of air and fuel, while the steam engine uses steam pressure from external combustion.
Key milestones:
- May 1876: Nikolaus Otto builds the first four-stroke engine.
- 1878: Dugald Clerk builds the first two-stroke engine.
- 1882: Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach start their company, focusing on lightweight,
Rise of Totalitarianism and the US Interwar Period
Italy
Key Terms & Figures
- Blackshirts: Paramilitary group (squadristi) used by Mussolini to violently suppress the labor movement and unions.
- Duce: Title adopted by Mussolini, meaning “leader.”
- Fascio: Fascist symbol, a bundle of rods around an axe, representing authority.
- Mussolini: Founder of the Blackshirts and the National Fascist Party, aiming to curb revolutionary movements, secure private property, and pursue an expansionist foreign policy.
- Victor Emmanuel III: King of Italy in 1919, who supported