Cloud Infrastructure: Virtualization and Storage Models
Virtualization Levels and Hardware Implementation
4. List and briefly describe the levels of virtualization. Describe in detail how virtualization works at the hardware / OS level. Virtualization can be implemented at different levels, depending on what part of the system is abstracted. The lecture classifies virtualization levels as: application level, library/user-level API, operating system level, hardware abstraction (HAL) level, and instruction set architecture (ISA) level. Each level virtualizes
Read MoreEssential Pharmacology and Medication Administration
Essential Pharmacology Terms
- Onset: The time it takes for a drug to reach the minimum effective concentration.
- Peak drug level: The highest drug concentration in the blood.
- Trough drug level: The lowest concentration reached before the next dose.
- Duration: The length of time a drug exerts a therapeutic effect.
- Side effects: Secondary drug effects.
- Adverse reactions: Unintentional or unexpected reactions.
- Drug interactions: A changed action of a drug resulting from interaction with another drug.
- Drug toxicity:
Linux vs Windows and macOS: Key Differences
⚖️ Comparison of Linux with Other Operating Systems
Linux, along with Microsoft Windows and Apple macOS, forms the triad of major operating systems. For exam purposes, the comparison focuses on their fundamental differences in cost, source model, security, and primary use case.
Fundamental Distinctions (Source Model & Cost)
| Feature | Linux (e.g., Ubuntu, Fedora) | Microsoft Windows (Proprietary) | Apple macOS (Proprietary) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Source Model | Open source (source code is freely available, modifiable, and distributable) |
Semiconductor Electronics, P–N Junctions, Atomic Models & AC Physics
Semiconductor Electronics
Semiconductor
Semiconductor — These materials whose electrical conductivity lies between a conductor and an insulator are called semiconductors. At absolute zero they behave as insulators and at room temperature they behave as conductors.
Examples: Ge, Si, GaAs, CdS, CdSe, InP, etc.
Classification by Energy Band Theory
In solids there are three energy bands:
- The lower band is completely filled by electrons and is called the valence band (VB).
- The upper band is called the conduction
Tipping Etiquette, Stone Age Childcare, Uluru & Cultural Insights
Tipping Is More Confusing Than Ever — How to Handle It
When and how did the practice of tipping start in America? The practice of tipping began in America after the Civil War. It was brought by travelers and by people who paid formerly enslaved Black workers, many of whom worked for a pittance as porters for the Pullman Company.
“Since the early days of the United States, people have routinely added a small bonus to their payments.” Americans have been leaving a small extra amount with the bill
Peer-to-Peer Search and Information Retrieval Systems
1. Peer-to-Peer Search
Answer: Introduction
Peer-to-peer (P2P) search is an information retrieval approach in which documents and data are distributed across multiple peer nodes, and search operations are performed without a centralized server. Each peer acts as both a client and a server.
Concept of Peer-to-Peer Search
In a P2P system, data is stored locally on individual peers. When a user submits a query, it is forwarded to other peers in the network. Each peer searches its local data and returns
European Imperialism in Africa: Exploitation and Impact
European imperialism in Africa during the late nineteenth century had both positive and negative effects, but it was mostly harmful to African societies. Although European nations claimed imperialism brought progress and civilization, imperialism mainly led to economic exploitation, loss of land, and violence for Africans, while benefiting European powers. Overall, imperialism was designed to serve European interests, not to improve the lives of African people.
Major Effects: Resource Exploitation
One
Read MoreFlip-Flop Conversion and Karnaugh Map Techniques
Flip-Flop Conversion: Steps and Examples
The goal of flip-flop conversion is to use an available flip-flop (the basic component you have) along with a combinational logic circuit to make the overall system behave like a required flip-flop (the target).
General Steps for Conversion
- Identify Available and Required FFs:
- Required FF (Target): The one you want to emulate (e.g., T-FF). Its inputs are the external inputs for the final circuit.
- Available FF (Source): The one you are using (e.g., JK-FF). Its
Population Growth, Regulation & Biodiversity Conservation
Population Growth and Regulation
📈 Population: Growth and regulation
Population ecology studies the factors that affect the size, distribution, density, and age structure of populations. Population size is dynamic, influenced by inputs and outputs.
Population Growth
The size of a population (P_t) at a given time (t) is determined by four fundamental factors:
Where:
P_0is the initial population size.Nis natality (birth rate / number of births).Iis immigration (inward movement of individuals).Mis
Volumetric and Salt Analysis Techniques for Chemistry
Volumetric Analysis (Titration)
Experiment: KMnO4 vs Mohr’s salt (Ferrous ammonium sulfate)
Indicator: Self-indicator (KMnO4)
End point: Colourless → Permanent light pink
Ionic equations:
- Reduction: MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– → Mn2+ + 4H2O
- Oxidation: Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e–
Rapid Viva Questions
- Why add dilute H2SO4?
- Provides an acidic medium and prevents KMnO4 from getting reduced to MnO2 (brown precipitate).
- Why not HCl?
- HCl reduces KMnO4, producing Cl2 gas.
- Why not HNO3?
- Strong oxidizer; interferes with the reaction.