Physics Formulas: Gyration, Poisson Ratio, Relativity & Elasticity
Key Physics Concepts and Equations
(a) Radius of Gyration (k)
The radius of gyration of a body about a given axis is the radial distance from the axis of rotation to a point where the entire mass of the body could be concentrated without changing its moment of inertia.
Mathematically, it is defined by the relation:
I = M k^2
Where:
- I is the moment of inertia.
- M is the total mass of the body.
- k is the radius of gyration (SI unit: meters).
(b) Poisson’s Ratio: Can It Be Negative?
Yes, the Poisson’s ratio (ν)
Read MoreHeat Transfer Modes: Radiation, Planck’s Law, and Convection Analysis
Radiation Heat Transfer Fundamentals
Radiation heat transfer is the transfer of thermal energy from a body in the form of electromagnetic waves (mainly infrared radiation).
It does not require any medium, so it can occur even in a vacuum. A common example is the heat reaching Earth from the Sun.
Radiation vs. Conduction and Convection
| Mode | Medium Required? | How Heat Transfers |
|---|---|---|
| Conduction | Yes (solid) | By direct molecular contact |
| Convection | Yes (fluid – liquid/gas) | By actual movement of fluid particles |
| Radiation | No |
Essential American Literary Works: Themes and Identification Cues
1. James Fenimore Cooper: The Last of the Mohicans
Frontier and wilderness vibe; tracking, ambush, pursuit, and survival tension. Native characters and “tribe” identity (Mohicans/Delawares, etc.) set against the colonial war background (French & Indian War atmosphere).
Document Cues: Hawkeye/Natty Bumppo, Chingachgook, Uncas, and the frontier conflict between “civilization” and wilderness. Romantic adventure narration, descriptive landscape, moral polarization (honor/treachery), and an
Project Appraisal Methods and Business Viability Assessment
Project Appraisal Techniques and Business Viability
Project appraisal techniques are systematic methods used to evaluate the economic, financial, technical, and operational viability of a proposed investment project. They are primarily used to determine whether a project will generate adequate returns to justify the initial capital outlay and to select the best option among competing alternatives.
The techniques are broadly categorized into two main groups based on whether they account for the Time
Read MoreWinterbourne’s Judgment and Daisy Miller’s Innocence
Winterbourne’s Crisis: Daisy Miller Chapter 4 Analysis
Winterbourne’s Pathetic Reaction
The scene in the Coliseum, where Winterbourne comes upon Daisy and Giovanelli, reveals Winterbourne at his most pathetic. Nowhere does he respond with less thought or reflection. He immediately takes the fact of Daisy’s presence there, at that hour and in that situation, as evidence of her worthlessness. Still, Winterbourne’s reaction is complex: he is horrified but also relieved, and he is “angry with himself”
Read MoreForensic DNA Validation: Quality Assurance and Legal Standards
Forensic DNA Validation: Ensuring Scientific Reliability
Validation in forensic DNA laboratories is the process of proving that all analytical methods, procedures, and instruments used in casework are scientifically reliable, reproducible, and suitable for their intended purpose. It ensures that DNA results are accurate and legally defensible. Validation includes quality assurance, quality control, accreditation, SOP development, personnel competency testing, and inter-laboratory comparisons. Together,
Read MoreUnderstanding Self-Exploration and Value Education
Self-Exploration
Self-Exploration: Self-exploration is the process of discovering what is valuable to me by investigating within myself—what is right for me and true for me, which must be judged within myself.
Through self-exploration, we gain an understanding of our self-worth. We live with different entities (family, friends, air, soil, water, trees, etc.), and we seek to understand our relationship with all these elements.
For this, we need to start observing internally. The main focus of self-
Read MoreFrank Knight’s Theory of Profit and Economic Risk
Frank H. Knight’s Employer Risk Theory (1885-1972)
The economist Frank H. Knight published his seminal work, Risk, Uncertainty and Profit, in 1921. This book explains his theory of the entrepreneur.
Key Distinctions in Knight’s Theory
Knight highlights the crucial distinction between:
- Risk: Randomness where probabilities are known.
- Uncertainty: Randomness where probabilities are unknown.
He underlines the critical role of entrepreneurs in the economy by assuming the risk associated with economic activity.
Read MorePressure Vessel Types, Jackets, Inspection & Design Pressure
1. Types of heads for pressure vessels
- Hemispherical head
- Torispherical (flanged and dished) head
- Ellipsoidal (2:1 elliptical) head
- Conical head
- Flat head
2. Weld joint efficiency factor (E)
Indicates the quality and reliability of welds in pressure vessels.
Ranges from 0.7 to 1.0 depending on joint type and inspection level.
3. Maximum Working Pressure (MWP) & Design Pressure
MWP: Highest internal pressure during normal operation.
Design pressure: Higher than MWP (typically 5–10% more) to ensure a safety
Read MoreFoundational Concepts in Organizational Behavior and I-O Psychology
1. Organizational Behaviour (OB)
OB (I-O Psychology) is the scientific study of behavior in organizations.
- Applies psychology to work settings.
- Goal: Explain, predict, and improve job behavior and performance.
- Uses the scientist–practitioner model, emphasizing data-driven decisions.
2. Individual Differences
These are stable differences between people used to predict behavior and job performance.
Main individual differences include:
- Cognitive ability (g)
- Personality
- Knowledge, skills, and competencies
- Emotional