Digital Forensics: Principles, Tools, and Procedures
Computer Forensic Services
Computer forensic services involve the professional application of scientific investigation techniques to identify, preserve, extract, and analyze data from digital devices. These services are used to transform raw digital data into “legal evidence” that can be presented in a court of law. For your SPPU exam, remember that these services aren’t just about finding files; they focus on maintaining the integrity of data and a strict chain of custody.
Typical services include:
Read MoreFinal Accounts and Accounting Principles for Nonprofit Organizations
Final Accounts of Nonprofit Organizations
Final accounts of a nonprofit organization
Nonprofit organizations are entities established not for earning profit but for promoting art, culture, sports, education, welfare, etc. Examples include medical associations, charitable trusts, welfare societies, laboratories, sports clubs, hospitals, and educational institutions. These are also called non-trading concerns or not-for-profit organizations.
Final accounts of a nonprofit organization
The final accounts
Read MoreModern Software Development and Database Fundamentals
Relational Database Design and Normalization
The relational model stores data in tables (relations), where rows represent tuples and columns represent attributes.
- Key components: Tables, attributes, tuples, and constraints (PK, FK, UNIQUE, NOT NULL).
- Mapping ER to Relational: Entity becomes a table, 1:many uses a foreign key (FK) on the many side, many:many requires a junction table, and multivalued attributes move to separate tables.
Functional Dependency (FD): X → Y means X uniquely determines Y.
Read MoreAncient River Valley Civilizations: Culture and Society
The four major river valley civilizations—Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Indus Valley, and Chinese (Shang)—each developed distinct belief systems, cultures, and social orders that were heavily influenced by their environment and sustained by their agricultural economies. [1, 2]
Mesopotamian Civilization (Tigris and Euphrates)
Belief Systems
The Mesopotamians practiced polytheism, believing in a pantheon of numerous gods and goddesses who controlled natural forces like floods and harvests. Each city-state
Read MoreTreaties, Indigenous Rights, and Section 35 in Canada
Treaties, Indigenous Rights, and Section 35
The phrase “law at the edge of empire,” used by historian Peter Hoffer, really shows how messy and complicated the treaties between the British and Indigenous peoples were during colonization. Hoffer meant that these treaties sat in a space where British law met Indigenous law; neither side saw things the same way. The British wanted treaties to bring Indigenous nations into their legal system, but Indigenous peoples already had their own laws, customs,
Read MoreInternational Legal Personality and Statehood Criteria
The State: Primary Subject of International Law
The State is the most important legal person under Public International Law. Legal personality means the capacity to hold rights and bear obligations enforceable at law. While individuals possess legal personality by nature, and other entities acquire it through legal fiction, States enjoy original and full international legal personality.
Emergence and Criteria for Statehood
Statehood emerges from fact to law. Today, it is no longer possible to create
Read MorePrehistoric Architecture: Paleolithic to Neolithic Shifts
Introduction
The evolution of human architecture begins in the prehistoric period, mainly divided into the Old Stone Age (Paleolithic Age) and the New Stone Age (Neolithic Age). These phases show the transformation of human lifestyle from nomadic hunter-gatherers to settled agricultural communities, and this shift directly influenced the development of architecture, materials, tools, and settlement planning.
1. Old Stone Age (Paleolithic Age)
Period: c. 2 million BCE – 10,000 BCE
Lifestyle: Nomadic;
Electrical Load Calculation and Wiring Types
UNIT-5
1.3. Problems on Energy Consumption Calculation
A house has the following electrical load for January (31 days):
- (a) Lamps: 5 lamps of 60 W each, working 8 hours per day.
- (b) Lamps: 4 lamps of 100 W each, working 8 hours per day.
- (c) Heaters: 2 heaters of 1000 W each, working 3 hours per day.
- (d) Fans: 5 fans of 80 W each, working 12 hours per day.
Calculate the January month energy bill if the rate of charge is Rs. 0.50 per unit (kWh) and add Rs. 10 as meter rent per month.
Solution:
Given Data:
- (
Igneous Rocks: Formation, Textures, Magmatism and Occurrences
Mode of Occurrence of Igneous Rocks
Igneous rocks are formed by the cooling and solidification of molten magma either beneath the Earth’s surface or on it. Their mode of occurrence is closely related to the depth of crystallization, the nature of magma intrusion, and the environment in which the magma solidifies. Broadly, igneous rocks occur in two main modes: intrusive (plutonic) and extrusive (volcanic).
Intrusive (Plutonic) Igneous Rocks
These rocks form when magma cools slowly beneath the Earth’
Read MoreVerifying Proposals Through Natural Acceptance and Self-Inquiry
Verifying Proposals Based on Natural Acceptance
Natural acceptance refers to the inherent and unconditional willingness within every human being to accept certain truths or values when presented without external influence or preconditioning. It serves as an internal compass for distinguishing between what is truly conducive to human happiness and what is not. To verify a proposal on the basis of natural acceptance, we follow these steps:
- Present the proposal clearly.
- Reflect inwardly.
- Observe the inner