Pharmaceutical Engineering and Industrial Process Principles
Distillation Principles and Processes
Distillation is a process by which a liquid mixture is separated into fractions with higher concentrations of certain components by exploiting differences in relative volatility. Distillation is a separation process used to separate components of a liquid mixture based on differences in their boiling points. The process involves heating the mixture to vaporize the most volatile component(s), followed by cooling the vapor to condense it back into liquid form,
Read MoreIndian Financial System: Components, Markets & Instruments
Explain the Financial System: Components & Indian Reference
Explain the financial system in detail. Describe its components and structure with special reference to the Indian financial system.
A financial system is the bedrock of any economy, acting as a complex network that facilitates the flow of funds from those who have surplus capital (savers/lenders) to those who need it for productive purposes (borrowers/investors). The primary goal of a financial system is capital formation. It ensures
Read MorePopulation Dynamics: Fertility, Mortality, Migration & Gender Policy
1. Demography as a Science
Demography is a social science that studies the population and the laws of its development. It focuses on how many people live in a certain territory, how this population is structured, and how it changes over time. Demography does not look only at numbers, but also tries to understand why these changes happen and what consequences they bring for society.
First of all, demography studies the size of the population, its composition and its distribution. Composition means
Read MoreCanadian Literature: From Pioneer Survival to Multicultural Voices
Unit 1 — The Pioneering Experience
Focus: Settlement, Survival, and Origins
Unit 1 examines how Canada was first imagined and written into existence by settlers and how that version of Canada is later reinterpreted. The unit is structured around two voices separated by a century: Susanna Moodie, a nineteenth-century British immigrant writing from inside pioneer life, and Margaret Atwood, a twentieth-century poet who rewrites Moodie from a modern, feminist, and psychological perspective. Together,
Read MoreSemiconductor Manufacturing, Packaging and Materials Processes
C6: Manufacturing & Packaging Processes
Organizational Overview of Semiconductor Manufacturing
- IDM (Integrated Device Manufacturer): Handles the entire flow.
- Fabless: Semiconductor design-centric operations.
- Foundry: Wafer manufacturing-centric operations.
- OSAT (Outsourced Semiconductor Assembly and Test): Specializes in packaging and testing semiconductors and wafers.
Basic Si Wafer Production Processes
Polycrystalline Silicon > Crystal Growth > Single Crystal Silicon Ingot > Crystal
Read MoreComputer Vision Concepts: Image Processing, Transforms, and Models
Q1: Image Representation and Processing
In computer vision, image representation is the method of converting a real-world scene into a digital format that a computer can understand and process. A digital image is represented as a two-dimensional function f(x, y), where x and y denote spatial coordinates and f represents the intensity or channel values at that location. In grayscale images, each pixel stores a single intensity value; in color images, each pixel is represented using multiple channels
Software Engineer Responsibilities, Processes & Quality
Role of a Software Engineer
A software engineer is a professional who applies engineering principles, systematic methods, and tools to design, develop, test, deploy, and maintain software systems efficiently and reliably. The role covers the entire software development life cycle and focuses on producing high-quality software that satisfies user and business requirements. A software engineer is not only a programmer but also a planner, designer, tester, and maintainer of software systems.
Requirement
Read MoreStrategic Human Resources: Roles, Metrics and Talent Management
Golden rule
Golden rule: HR is not administrative. HR is a strategic system aligned to business outcomes.
Use words like:
- Strategic alignment
- Value creation
- Human capital
- Metrics
- Fit with organizational goals
Unit 1: Introduction and Role of HR
Traditional HR vs Contemporary HR
Write this table if possible.
| Traditional HR | Contemporary HR |
|---|---|
| Administrative | Strategic partner |
| Cost center | Value creator |
| Transactional | Data driven |
| Focus on compliance | Focus on capability and performance |
| Short term | Long term |
The New HR Imperative
Read MoreAnimal Phyla: Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida Characteristics
Phylum Cnidaria (Coelenterata)
Phylum Coelenterata (also known as Cnidaria) consists of about 10,000 species of simple aquatic animals. The name “Coelenterata” refers to their single central body cavity (the coelenteron), while “Cnidaria” refers to their specialized stinging cells.
General characters
- Habitat: Primarily marine (e.g., corals, jellyfish), with a few freshwater forms like Hydra.
- Level of organization: Tissue grade of organization.
- Germ layers: Diploblastic — body wall made of two layers:
Pharmacology Drug Classes and Mechanisms Summary
NSAIDs: Pain Relief and Inflammation Reduction
NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs) are a class of meds that reduce inflammation, pain, and fever. They’re like the ultimate pain relief squad.
Classification
- Non-selective COX inhibitors: Aspirin, Ibuprofen, Diclofenac, Naproxen
- COX-2 selective inhibitors: Celecoxib, Etoricoxib
Pharmacology of Aspirin
- Mechanism: Aspirin irreversibly inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes, reducing prostaglandin synthesis, which leads to decreased pain, inflammation,