Key Historical Terms: Europe & Russia 1879-USSR

Armed Peace
Period from 1879 until the start of the First World War in 1914. It was a period of peace in Europe based on respect for the status quo in the Balkans established by the Berlin Congress, altered only by conflicts elsewhere in the world as major powers engaged in intense rearmament.
Triple Alliance
Alliance formed by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. Created by Bismarck in 1882, it was defensive, aimed at establishing a balance of power in Europe favorable to Germany.
Triple Entente
Formed
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Characteristics of Major Text Types

Text Types

Expository Text

Provides objective information on a particular topic in a clear and orderly manner. It uses the representational function of language with a precise, clear, and objective style. The text is often accompanied by pictures, illustrations, or graphics.

Features

  • Precise and specific vocabulary (denotative, avoiding metaphors).
  • Use of verbs in the 3rd person singular, indicative mood.
  • Simple syntactic constructions and short sentences for clarity.
  • Use of examples and restatements to
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FL Classroom Management: Grouping, Space, Time, Methods

Variables in FL Classroom Management

Introduction

Nowadays, the main aim of foreign language teaching is developing students’ communicative competence. This implies adopting an approach based on communication: the communicative approach. This consists of providing students with enough communicative practice to develop their ability to use the language in a variety of situations, which is the aim of the current educational law. The English teacher must ensure that the activities they organize aim at

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Mitochondria and Plastids: Structure and Cellular Roles

Mitochondria: Structure and Functions

Mitochondrial Structure

Mitochondrial Matrix

Contains a semi-liquid material with the consistency of a gel. It includes:

  • Mitochondrial DNA molecules: In most mammalian cells, this is circular, double-stranded DNA, distinct from nuclear DNA.
  • Mitochondrial RNA molecules.
  • Enzymes for mitochondrial DNA replication, transcription, and translation.
  • Enzymes involved in the Krebs cycle and the beta-oxidation of fatty acids.
  • Ions of Calcium (Ca), Phosphorus (P), and ribonucleoproteins.
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Nervous System, Sensory Receptors, and Human Senses

Coordination Systems

Coordination involves the nervous system and the endocrine system.

Neurons: Structure and Function

The nervous system uses independent cells called neurons. Key parts include:

  • Soma: The cell body.
  • Axon: A projection often surrounded by a myelin sheath.
  • Dendrites: Numerous extensions from the soma.

Sensory Receptors and Stimuli Transformation

Sensory receptors detect stimuli and transform them into electrical signals (nerve impulses).

Receptor Classification

  • Mechanoreceptors: Stimulated
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19th Century European Colonial Expansion

European Dominance in the Late 19th Century

In the last third of the nineteenth century, the Second Industrial Revolution transformed the economies of the major European powers. Technical innovations, new forms of work organization, and the growth of banking allowed an increase in production and trade, alongside improved transport.

Due to their financial, technical, and military superiority, European powers expanded their influence across the globe.

Causes of Colonialism

  • Economic Factors: European nations
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Body Coordination, Senses, and Blood Circulation

Coordination Centers: Nervous & Endocrine Systems

Processing Information: The coordination centers receive information sent by the receptors, process it, generate orders, and send them to the effector organs. The coordination centers are the nervous system, which is responsible for nervous coordination, and the endocrine system, which is responsible for endocrine coordination.

Nervous System

The nervous system is responsible for analyzing the internal and external stimuli perceived by the receptors,

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Understanding Gravitational Fields and Potential Energy

Gravitational Field Strength

The purpose of a gravitational field manifests at a point where a test mass is placed. The gravitational field strength (or field intensity vector) at a point is equal to the force exerted on a unit mass placed at that point. The vector equation is:

g = -G (M / r³) r

Where G is the gravitational constant, M is the source mass, r is the distance from the source mass, and r is the position vector.

The field strength at a point is characterized by:

  • Magnitude: g = GM / r²
  • Direction:
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Core Human Rights Concepts and Contemporary Ethical Debates

Key Characteristics of Human Rights

Natural Rights

Human rights, framed as natural rights, transcend the boundaries of specific laws, customs, or cultural beliefs. Unlike legal rights, they are not contingent on the recognition of any particular authority. Instead, they are often rooted in scriptural, religious teachings, philosophical principles, or what is commonly referred to as “common sense.” This implies that human beings possess inherent rights by virtue of their humanity.

Inviolable

The term

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Lorca, Alberti, Valle-Inclán: Pillars of Spanish Theater & Poetry

Federico García Lorca: Renowned Spanish Playwright

Federico García Lorca is one of Spain’s most famous playwrights. His theatrical production began with The Butterfly’s Evil Spell. Lorca believed theater should serve to raise social awareness and also believed in the poet’s power to transform reality through words. His poetic language, influenced by Valle-Inclán, is central to his work. His plays blend poetry and symbolism, integrating text, set design, music, and dance to create a total Lorcan

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