Core Concepts of Business and Enterprise Management
Elements of a Company
An Organization is a collective unit (e.g., corporation, institution) or a single entity formed by one person (usually the owner).
Human Elements refer to the individuals who work for and/or invest in the company’s development.
Material Goods are all tangible assets owned by the company, such as facilities, offices, and furniture.
The Land, composed of natural assets, refers to the natural resources utilized in the production of goods or services by a specific company.
Work consists
Read MoreThe Age of Enlightenment: Ideas, Politics, and Economy
The Age of Enlightenment
The Old Regime
The term Old Regime was initially used by revolutionaries to describe the era preceding the French Revolution. Historians later adopted it to characterize the period between the 15th and 18th centuries.
The Enlightenment
The Enlightenment was an ideological movement that emerged in opposition to the ideas of the Old Regime. It proposed:
- Faith in human reason
- Promotion of scientific advancements
- Criticism of the Old Regime
Dissemination of Enlightenment Ideas
Enlightenment
Read MorePhilip II’s Foreign Policy and the European Old Regime Era
Philip II’s Foreign Policy and European Dominance
Philip II’s reign was marked by significant foreign policy challenges and triumphs that solidified Spain’s position as a dominant European power.
France
Pope Paul IV allied with France, aiming to expel the Spanish from Naples. However, the decisive Spanish victory at the Battle of Saint-Quentin and the subsequent Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis in 1559 ended this confrontation. This treaty established Spain as the hegemonic and most powerful country in Europe.
Read MoreLouis XIV’s Absolute Monarchy and 17th Century European Power
Absolutism in 17th Century Europe
In the 17th century, European monarchs sought to impose absolutism, also known as the divine right of kings. They believed that God had given them their power and that they were His representatives on Earth. This conviction granted them the right to exercise unlimited power. The monarch controlled all branches of the State: he passed laws, governed, and served as the supreme judge.
Louis XIV: The Sun King (1643-1715)
Louis XIV, known as the Sun King (1643-1715), was
Read MoreSpain’s 19th Century: Crisis, Liberalism, and Conflict
The Crisis of the Bourbon Monarchy
Carlos IV and the Napoleonic Era
The crisis of the Bourbon monarchy began with the reaction of the monarchy of Carlos IV against Revolutionary France. War was declared in 1793, lasting until 1795. This conflict proved to be a failure, leading Manuel Godoy to make a sharp turn in foreign policy. Soon, Napoleon gained influence, authorizing the French army to pass through Spain to attack Portugal. This provoked the outbreak of the Mutiny of Aranjuez in 1808.
Faced with
Read MoreHolding International Organizations Accountable: Legal Frameworks and Challenges
International Organizations: Accountability Challenges
International organizations, like states, can be held responsible for their actions, but the system to make them truly accountable is unclear and very limited. These organizations have international legal personality, which means they can have obligations and be held liable for their conduct.
However, there is no specific court to enforce accountability. Victims often have no real legal path to claim justice. There are three main problems:
Core
Read MoreWorkplace Well-being and Performance Factors
Personal Determinants of Well-being
Well-being Defined
A state of happiness and contentment, with low levels of distress, overall good physical and mental health and outlook, or good quality of life.
Emotions and Stress
The attitude of a worker toward his or her job, often expressed as a hedonic response of liking or disliking the work itself, the rewards (pay, promotions, recognition), or the context (working conditions, colleagues). See also job involvement.
Job Satisfaction
Job Satisfaction – A positive
Read MoreHabsburg Spain: Charles I, Philip II, and the Americas
The Reign of Charles I (Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor)
Accession and Internal Challenges
In 1517, King Charles I, grandson of the Catholic Monarchs, ascended to the throne, initiating a new dynasty: the House of Austria. His primary ambition was to be crowned Holy Roman Emperor, a goal he achieved. However, this ambition sparked significant discontent in Hispanic lands.An insurrection, known as the Revolt of the Comuneros, broke out in the Crown of Castile, but its forces were defeated at Villalar.
Read MoreThe Book of Good Love: Juan Ruiz’s Medieval Masterpiece
The Book of Good Love: A Literary Examination
Textual History, Author, and Dating
The Book of Good Love has been preserved in three manuscript copies and fragments. In it, the author confesses to be named Juan Ruiz, the Archpriest of Hita. Few specific details about his life are known.
The manuscripts present two dates of composition: 1330 and 1343. This has led to speculation that there were, in those years, two successive editors of the book, hence the differences between the texts. Scholars also
Read MoreThe Impact of the Industrial Revolution on Society and Economy
1. Why Did Britain Become the First Industrialized Country? Because of the political system, population growth, abundance of resources and raw materials, transport, and their colonial empire.
- Hydropower
- Use of coal to produce steam power = Watt steam machine