Architectural Representation & Measurement History

Architecture and Construction

Defining Construction and Architecture

Construction is both the art and science of conducting what the board has decided (Joaquin Soto Hidalgo). If this process incorporates beauty, the resulting building is called Architecture.

Architectural Representation Methods

There are various modes of representation for a building:

  • Perspective: A complete and definitive view of the building.
  • Floor Plan: A view of the flat floor layout of the building plan.
  • Axonometric Projection: A
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Postmodernism in Spanish Literature & The Latin American Boom

Postmodernism in Literature

Characteristics of Postmodernism

The postmodern aesthetic often rejects overarching ideologies, mixing distinct disciplines such as literature, movies, and music culture. It defends popular styles and involves the fusion of genres (e.g., incorporating elements from comics) and concise references. Relativism, favoring individual thinking, irony, and humor, are common features.

Postmodern Spanish Literature (Since 1975)

Postmodern Spanish Poetry

Key characteristics include:

  • Focus
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Symbolism & Dramatic Techniques in Buero Vallejo’s El Tragaluz

Key Symbols Explained

  • Train Symbolism

    Represents triumph and victory, but also oppression due to its association with ongoing anguish and final death. Getting on or off the train signifies taking or not taking sides in the societal game. The sound of the train prompts thought and meditation.

  • Skylight Symbolism

    A symbol of defeat and failure, perceptible only when its shadow is cast on the wall.

  • Light (Luz)

    The work is marked by significant changes in light.

  • Scissors

    The Father cuts figures from postcards.

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Tipos de Textos y Procesos de Comunicación

Textos Periodísticos: Información y Opinión

Ofrecen información u opiniones objetivas sobre temas de actualidad. Poseen características propias que los distinguen de otros textos.

Textos Informativos

Reportan de manera objetiva y clara sobre hechos de actualidad. La objetividad e imparcialidad son sus rasgos más importantes.

Características:

  • Objetividad e imparcialidad
  • Léxico de nivel medio
  • Sintaxis sencilla
  • Estilo impersonal
  • Estructura de pirámide invertida

Subgéneros Informativos:

  • Noticia
  • Entrevista
  • Crónica

Textos

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Agriculture and Aquaculture Terminology

Aquaculture

A technique for cultivating aquatic organisms.

Agricultural Market

A market whose production is oriented towards sales.

Organic Farming

Farming that uses natural resources rationally and balanced to produce food.

Extensive Agriculture

Agriculture practiced in regions with low population density.

Intensive Agriculture

Agriculture that produces large quantities of products continuously in small spaces.

Mediterranean Agriculture

Agriculture practiced in both rainfed and irrigated conditions, with

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The Spanish Crown: Prince, Family, and Royal Household

The Crown Prince of Spain

According to the Spanish Constitution Article 57.2, the heir to the Crown holds the title of Prince of Asturias, along with other titles traditionally linked to the successor, such as Prince of Girona and Prince of Viana (Navarre). Upon reaching the age of majority, the heir must take an oath as stipulated in Article 61.2.

Regarding marriage, Article 57.4 states that the heir can marry freely. However, if a marriage proceeds against the express prohibition of the King and

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Education vs. Schooling: Global Systems & Social Roles

Education vs. Schooling Defined

Education is the social institution through which society provides its members with important knowledge, including basic facts, job skills, and cultural norms and values.

Schooling refers to formal instruction under the direction of specially trained teachers.

Schooling and Economic Development

The extent of schooling in any society is tied to its level of economic development.

  • In low- and middle-income countries, people often learn informally at home, and limited schooling
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Understanding Assisted and Artificial Reproduction Techniques

Assisted and Artificial Reproduction Techniques

Assisted reproduction, also known as artificial reproduction, involves the insertion of sperm into a woman’s uterus, timed to coincide with ovulation.

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

In in vitro fertilization (IVF), eggs are removed from the woman after hormone treatment to stimulate the ovaries. The eggs are then fertilized by sperm. When the sperm count is low, a single sperm can be injected directly into the oocyte using intracytoplasmic sperm injection

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Spain’s Military and Civil Directory: 1923-1930

Military Directory (1923-1925)

Corruption and Dictatorship

The first issue was the alleged corruption of the powers of concentration. This led to the abolishment of all political systems (including the 1976 Constitution, courts, local administration, and commonwealth) and the establishment of a personal dictatorship. Between periods of war, many dictatorships and liberal dynasties emerged.

Repression and Pistolerismo

To address Pistolerismo, repression was applied, particularly targeting the anarchist

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Building Process: Regulations, Requirements, and Handover

General Provisions

Subject

  1. The regular process of building, establishing obligations, liabilities, and warranties for agents to ensure quality.
  2. Prevention of occupational hazards and specific legislation.
  3. General government contracts.

Scope

  1. The building process, encompassing the action and result of constructing a permanent building (public or private) for primary uses including:
    • a) Administrative, health, religious;
    • b) Aeronautical, hydraulic, mining, sea/river/air transport, forestry, industrial, naval;
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