Spain: Ferdinand VII’s Absolutism & Isabella II’s Ascent

The Ominous Decade (1823-1833)

French Intervention and Repression

At the request of Ferdinand VII and mandated by the Holy Alliance, France intervened in Spain in 1823. The invading army, known as the Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis under the command of the Duke of Angoulême, successfully restored Ferdinand VII as an absolute monarch. This task was relatively easy, as the Spanish populace largely did not resist.

Following the restoration, severe repression was unleashed against the Liberals.

Read More

Understanding Intent (Dolo) in Criminal Liability

Forms of Guilt in Criminal Law

Among the most burdensome forms of guilt is intent (dolo). Generally, all crimes described in the Penal Code are considered malicious (intentional), with the exception of reckless or negligent crimes (culpa), which are typically less severe. However, between intent (dolo) and negligence (culpa – note that recklessness and blame are often synonymous terms in the Penal Code), there are several scales of responsibility. Responsibility is graduated within intentional

Read More

The Spanish Fishing Industry: Regions, Resources, Challenges

Concepts and Historical Context

Fishing activity is defined as the actions performed by humans aiming to obtain food from seas and oceans. A distinction is made between inshore fisheries, conducted within the coastal zone, and deep-sea fishing, exercised without limitations on distance from the coast.

With the Industrial Revolution, the introduction of the steam engine gave rise to steam trawlers. After the Spanish Civil War, new trawlers were introduced. However, it was in the 1960s, during the Economic

Read More

Spanish Picaresque Novels: Key Works and European Legacy

Key Spanish Picaresque Novels

Quevedo’s El Buscón

The following picaresque masters are discussed briefly. Quevedo’s El Buscón picks up themes from Lazarillo de Tormes and Guzmán de Alfarache, but removes the element present in Lazarillo where the beginning of the protagonist’s life presents a series of open perspectives. In Quevedo’s work, the character’s childhood environment is infamous, marked by blood. Although offered a horrid job, he refuses it to continue his infamous life, owning it. Quevedo

Read More

Russian Revolution: Fall of Tsarism & Rise of the USSR

Russia Under the Last Tsar

In the early twentieth century, Russia maintained an absolute monarchy. The Tsar, the monarch, concentrated the supreme power of the state in his hands. He exercised this power without limit and was supported by the nobility in governing. Although a parliament called the Duma existed, its powers were very limited, as the Tsar could convene or dissolve it at will. There were no political freedoms, and opponents were persecuted by the political police. The economy remained

Read More

Essential Balance Sheet Components & Definitions

Balance Sheet Components

  • Non-Current Assets: Includes items like Property, Plant, and Equipment.
  • Current Assets: Cash + Debtors + Stock
  • Total Assets: Non-Current Assets + Current Assets
  • Current Liabilities: Bank Overdraft + Trade Creditors + Other Short-Term Loans
  • Non-Current Liabilities: Long-Term Borrowings
  • Total Liabilities: Current Liabilities + Non-Current Liabilities (Derived from Accounting Equation: Assets – Equity)
  • Net Assets (Equity): Total Assets – Total Liabilities
  • Equity Components: Share Capital
Read More

English Test Answer Keys: Unit 2 & Term 1 (Levels 1 & 2)

Unit Test 2 Level 1 Answers

Vocabulary

Exercise 1

  • 1. b
  • 2. e
  • 3. c
  • 4. g
  • 5. f
  • 6. d
  • 7. a

Exercise 2

  • 1. persuasive
  • 2. advert
  • 3. improve
  • 4. trend
  • 5. lend
  • 6. eye-catching
  • 7. compete
  • 8. contestant
  • 9. unfair

Exercise 3

  • 1. d
  • 2. b
  • 3. a
  • 4. e
  • 5. c
  • 6. f

Grammar

Exercise 4

  1. That she hadn’t told anyone.
  2. To find the missing key to that cupboard.
  3. Why Lydia was crying.
  4. That the flowers had died because of the lack of rain.
  5. That we order a taxi instead of walking.
  6. If the audience had been listening during his lecture.
  7. They would take the test the following
Read More

Key Demographic and Settlement Concepts

Dispersed Settlement Patterns

Dispersed settlement refers to a distribution of human settlements in space characterized by houses surrounded by agricultural terraces and separated from other houses. This pattern is characteristic of the mainland periphery, the Balearic Islands, and the Canary Islands. Types include:

  • Fully scattered: No pooled population centers exist.
  • Loosely concentrated: Small groups of houses form villages or parishes.
  • Interspersed dispersed: Houses are scattered among primitive
Read More

CFO Role, Corporate Governance, and Financial Decisions

Board of Directors and Corporate Structure

The Chief Financial Officer (CFO) has several key functions within a company. Reporting lines typically place the CFO under the Chief Executive Officer (CEO). In addition, the company has directors who form the Board of Directors (BoD). The BoD elects the CEO and oversees the company’s executive team. At the top is the CEO, who makes the company’s major strategic decisions.

The BoD members are representatives of the company’s owners: the shareholders. Shareholders

Read More

Community Work: Initial Contact and Assessment Techniques

Initial Community Contact Strategies

P. Henderson and D.N. Thomas proposed a highly useful approach for community workers to cultivate contacts from the start and harness knowledge-building for developing extensive contact campaigns. They suggest that the process of collecting information is the best opportunity to communicate and connect with many people. Some of these contacts can become the starting point for community action.

This engagement must occur outside our sphere of power, entering others’

Read More