Descartes’ Method: Rules, Doubt, and the Second Truth
The aim of Descartes’ philosophical project is to define good sense or reason as the ability to judge and distinguish the true from the false. Possessing reason is not enough; the main thing is to apply it well. A method is needed to guide the proper use of reason.
Influence of Logic and Mathematics
The Cartesian method is influenced by logic and mathematics. Logic highlights deductive power but is criticized for its inability to provide new knowledge. Mathematics provides the ability to construct
Read MoreKant’s Categorical Imperative: Freedom, Autonomy, and Morality
Kant’s Categorical Imperative and Practical Reason
The categorical imperative, a concept from Kant’s Critique of Practical Reason, extends the science performed by theoretical reason into the realm of morality. Kant addresses the noumena, previously excluded from scientific understanding. While we cannot know the noumenon (the “self”) in its essence, we can understand “what it should be.” Practical reason, therefore, takes precedence over pure reason.
Practical reason guides the will to act through
Read MoreLegal Rationality: Emergence, Evolution, and Influence
Legal Rationality: The Emergence of Legal Thought
Analysis of charismatic domination and traditional authority involves three steps: analysis of documentation, formulation of the general concept, and practical application or testing of the media in legitimizing and organizing.
Traditional authority, inherent in domestic communities, can be subdued by conflict. Charismatic authority, conversely, disrupts and depersonalizes.
Legal rule, in contrast, is the product of human planning and gradual development.
Read MoreFundamentals of Science: Rocks, Minerals, Plate Tectonics & Evolution
Science Overview
What is Science?
- Derived from Latin scientia, meaning knowledge.
- Discovery through observation; not static, continuously evolving.
- Creation of new knowledge through research.
Types of Knowledge
- Belief Knowledge: Inherent, personal, and often supernatural.
- Research Knowledge: Universal, based on observable and measurable phenomena.
Facts
- Derived from both belief and research knowledge.
- Science is based on facts that can be tested and repeated.
How Science Works
- A process of observations (data)
Understanding Perspectivism: Ortega y Gasset’s Philosophy
The text discusses the inflexible or dogmatic Objectivist philosophy, which posits that truth is singular and universal, applying equally to every individual, culture, and era. The author highlights this with the quote: “… So each system intended to hold for all times and for all men. Exempt from the critical dimension, historical or perspectivistica …” He argues that Objectivism should be articulated within a critical perspective. The concept of pure reason is replaced by vital reason, emphasizing
Read MoreEnglish Phrases and Vocabulary: Improve Your Fluency
English Phrases and Vocabulary
Keep track of: To continue to be informed or know about someone or something.
HTML Param Tag: Definition and Usage
HTML <param> Tag: Defining Parameters for Objects
The <param> tag defines parameters for an <object> element. It allows you to pass information to the object, such as settings or initial values.
Key Attribute: name
The name attribute specifies the name of the parameter. In the example below, the parameter name is “property”.
Example:
<div> <param name="property" value="objA"></div>Usage Notes:
- The
<param>tag must be placed inside an<object>element. - The
Reading and Listening Comprehension Exercises
2010
Serie 1 A: Teen Spirit: The Secret Life of Britain’s Teenage Boys
1 B 5 D
2 D 6 D
3 D 7 C
4 B 8 C
LIS: “Butter, Bread and Green Cheese…”
1 b 5 b
2 d 6 b
3 c 7 d
4 c 8 b
Serie 4 A: Members of Parliament Vote Against Tobacco
1 A 5 A
2 C 6 A
3 A 7 B
4 A 8 A
LIS: Vasa – The Most Expensive and Highly Decorated Warship
1 C 5 B
2 D 6 A
3 D 7 B
4 B 8 C
Serie 2 A: Degrowth: When Less Is More
1 C 5 D
2 D 6 C
3 B 7 D
4 A 8 A
LIS: A Journalist in the Slaughterhouse
1 D 5 C
2 B 6 C
3 A 7 B
4 B 8 A
2008
Serie 2 A: Toxic Friends
1 C 5
Read MoreProject Production: Tools for Identification and Design
Instruments for Project Production
A high degree of systematization in project production with the EML involves two generic types of controls: internal controls directing how work is organized to achieve objectives, and external notices to applicants and participants regarding this work and its results.
This is achieved through the creation of standardized written procedures that explain how the project will develop.
The EML uses two types of instruments: production instruments used in the creation
Read MoreUnderstanding Deviance, Social Control, and Stratification
Deviance and Social Control
Deviance: Any behavior or physical appearance that departs from the norms of a group and generates a negative reaction.
Social Control: Methods used to teach compliance and conformity.
Conformity: Behaviors and appearances that follow and maintain the norms of the group.
Violation of Norms
We have been socialized to accept norms. Norms provide order and stability, including folkways and mores.
Functionalist Perspective on Deviance
Deviance is part of every society. Every society
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