Cold War: Characteristics, Stages, and Key Events
The Cold War (1947-1991)
Characteristics of the Cold War
Between 1947 and 1991, the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union was characterized by a tense standoff known as the Cold War. This period was marked by a state of military tension, ideological and diplomatic rivalry, without escalating into a direct armed conflict. Nevertheless, each bloc sought to impose its economic and military superiority through:
- Establishment of economic cooperation instruments: The Western bloc implemented
Understanding Map Scales, Contours, UTM Coordinates, Orthophotos, and GPS
Understanding Map Scales and Contours
Scale refers to the relationship between distances on a map and the corresponding distances on the actual terrain. Contours are defined as imaginary lines on a map that join points of equal elevation. The height difference between each contour line is called equidistance and varies depending on the map’s scale.
Key Properties of Contour Lines
Contour lines have several properties that are important to consider when interpreting a map:
- Every contour line closes on
Liquefaction, Complexation, Surface Tension, and Raoult’s Law
Liquefaction of Gases
Liquefaction of gases is the process of converting a gas into a liquid state. This process involves reducing the temperature and/or increasing the pressure of the gas to a point where it condenses into a liquid.
Principles Involved
- Joule-Thomson Effect
- Critical Temperature
- Critical Pressure
Faraday’s Method
Faraday’s method is a historical technique used to liquefy gases, developed by Michael Faraday in the 19th century. The method involves:
- Compression
- Cooling
- Expansion
- Liquefaction
Working
Read MoreProject Planning and Execution: A Results-Based Approach
Understanding the Logic of Intervention
Effective project planning hinges on a clear understanding of the desired outcomes and the steps required to achieve them. This involves:
- Identifying a goal that contributes to the specific objective of the project.
- Defining expected results that will help meet that goal.
- Planning activities that will produce those results.
- Calculating the resources needed for these activities.
- Addressing preconditions necessary for success.
Intervention occurs during the execution
Read MoreLiterary Devices: Phonic, Morphosyntactic, and Semantic
Literary Devices
Phonic Devices
- Alliteration: Repetition of initial consonant sounds in closely positioned words (e.g., “with the lifted wing”).
- Onomatopoeia: Alliteration that mimics real sounds.
- Paronomasia: Repetition of words with similar sounds (e.g., “evening flown forever”).
Morphosyntactic Devices
- Anaphora: Repetition of a word at the beginning of a verse or prayer (e.g., “I saw the sea, I saw the dawn, I saw”).
- Parallelism: Repetition of syntactic structures (as above, but on the first line of
Mastering English Grammar and Usage
Modal Verbs
It’s possible: could. It’s impossible: couldn’t. Perhaps it’s probable: may, might. It’s necessary: have to. It’s unnecessary: don’t have to. It isn’t necessary: you needn’t go. It was wrong, it was a mistake, it was a waste of time: you shouldn’t have. To know how: can. To be obliged: must.
Deduction
I’m sure he isn’t: can’t. I don’t think he is: can’t. I’m sure he is: must. I think he is: must.
Tense Changes in Reported Speech
Present Infinitive without to becomes Past Present perfect.
- Play
Keynesian Economics, New Deal, and Post-War Economic Concepts
Keynesian Proposal
Keynes’ diagnosis of the 1929 crisis identified the main problem as a lack of demand leading to the economic collapse of investment. Faced with the decline of private investment, he proposed that the state should increase public spending, mainly on public works. The deficit generated if state spending increased would be offset because this initial expenditure would create new demand (the Keynesian multiplier). Thus, to increase total production, the state could increase taxes on
Read MoreAtomic Structure and Chemical Laws: A Comprehensive Summary
Lavoisier: Conservation of Mass
In any chemical reaction, the total mass of reactants is equal to the mass of the products. For example, 5g + 1.2g = 3.7g.
Proust: Definite Proportions
The proportion among the masses in which two or more elements combine to form a certain compound is always constant and independent of the procedure used to form it.
Dalton: Multiple Proportions
When two elements combine together to form more than one compound, the masses of one of them that combine with the same mass of
Read MoreAfrican Decolonization: Independence and Its Challenges
The decolonization of Africa occurred primarily after World War II. Independence brought many problems due to the artificiality of the borders drawn during the Berlin Conference (1885) and the imperialist ambitions of the former European powers. The processes of independence began after the war.
Independence in the Maghreb (North Africa)
- Libya gained independence from Italy in 1951. In 1969, Muammar al-Gaddafi led a coup and established a socialist regime. For decades, Libya became a major adversary
Russian Revolution: A Deep Dive into its History
Background
The Russian Revolution was a political, social, and economic movement that took place in 1917. It was led by two groups: the Mensheviks (professional, moderate monarchists) and the Bolsheviks (the working class and the poor, in general). These groups opposed the monarchy of Tsar Nicholas II, whose policies had generated discontent among the population. This movement took place during the contemporary epoch of history.
Protagonists
In the first stage of the Russian Revolution, led by the
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