Essential Vocabulary for Advanced English: Education and Society

Essential Vocabulary: Units 4 & 5 Glossary

Unit 4: Education and Academic Terms

Compulsory
Something that you have to do because it is required by a law or a rule.
Pupil
A student.
Fee-paying
Requiring payment of money.
Assessment
Evaluation.
Beyond
More than (something).
Qualifications
Academic marks or achievements.
To date from
To originate from that year or period; having existed since.
Hierarchy
An organization in which, in this case, universities are ranked.
Syllabus
An outline of the subjects that are studied.
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Administrative Organization of Spain: Central Government and CAs

Central Administration Functions

The Central Administration puts into practice the policy of the government and manages administrative content. The Prime Minister is the significant figure of the system, which also features:

  • The Cabinet of the Prime Minister
  • The Secretary of the Prime Minister
  • Government Delegate Committees
  • Relations with the courts
  • The Government Spokesman Secretariat

The various ministries are headed by a minister named by the King upon the proposal of the Prime Minister. Ministerial

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Essential Physics Formulas: Kinematics and Dynamics

Cristián Arriagada: Essential Physics Formulas

This compilation provides fundamental equations covering kinematics, dynamics, work, energy, and rotational motion in classical mechanics. These formulas are crucial for solving problems involving motion and forces.

1. Kinematics (Equations of Motion)

1.1. Uniformly Accelerated Motion (MUA)

  • Velocity: V = V0 + a(t – t0)
  • Position: X = X0 + V0t + 1/2 at2
  • Velocity-Position: V2 = V02 + 2a(X – X0)
  • Time: t = (V – V0) / a

1.2. Uniform Rectilinear Motion (MRU)

  • Velocity:
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The Great Depression: Causes, Global Impact, and Recovery Strategies

The Great Depression: Origins and Initial Impact

The 1929 Wall Street Crash triggered a worldwide depression. The collapse was driven by several factors:

  • Stock speculation and market instability.
  • Severe economic inequality.
  • Weak financial regulation.
  • Excessive private debt.

Following the crash, prices and trade dropped drastically, industrial output fell by over 30%, and unemployment reached 25% in many Western countries.

The Crisis in the United States

Widespread US banking failures wiped out savings.

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Spanish Foreign Policy Implementation and US Bilateral Relations

Actors in Spanish Foreign Policy Enforcement

Spanish foreign policy (FP) is shaped and implemented by a broad set of actors operating within a legal and institutional framework that requires coordination and loyalty. The key actors include:

  • The Prime Minister: Leads the overall policy direction.
  • The Minister of Foreign Affairs (MFA): Manages day-to-day execution and interministerial coordination.
  • The Undersecretary (within the MFA): Manages internal operations and appoints diplomats.
  • General Directorates:
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Java Data Structures: Implementing Linked Lists and BST Operations

Singly Linked List (SLL) Implementation in Java

Singly Linked List: Insertion Operations

This section demonstrates the basic structure and insertion methods for a Singly Linked List.

public class SinglyList {
    private Node head;

    private class Node {
        int data;
        Node next;
    }

    public boolean isEmpty() {
        return (head == null);
    }

    public void insertFirst(int data) {
        Node newNode = new Node();
        newNode.data = data;
        newNode.next = head;
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The Reign of Isabel II and Spain’s First Republic (1833–1874)

Isabel II: The Reign of the Queen (1833–1868)

The Triumph of Liberalism (1833–1844)

As Isabel II was a minor, there was a period of regency. The first ruler was Maria Cristina, her mother. This coincided with the First Carlist War, and to win, she allied with the Liberals.

The Liberals were divided into two groups:

  • Moderates: Advocated for limited reforms.
  • Progressives: Advocated for deep reforms.

Maria Cristina initially empowered the Moderates, but later yielded to the Progressives following protests.

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Essential Knowledge Test for Home Support Workers

Home Management and Support Worker Knowledge Test (25 Questions)

This quiz covers essential duties, prioritization, cleaning protocols, and safety procedures for support workers in home management roles. All correct answers are provided below.

  1. What must a support worker do when faced with their primary role of providing personal care to the client at the same time as household tasks?
    Prioritize tasks
  2. How should the support worker dry eating and cooking utensils (if no dishwasher)?
    By letting
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The Construction of Normality: Biopolitics and Control

The Standard Human: Statistical Fictions and Biopolitical Control

Thesis: The standard human is a constructed ideal shaped by processes of statistical classification and biopolitical control. Using concepts like l’homme moyen and biopolitics, we can see how bureaucracies and infrastructures defined “normality,” excluded those who didn’t fit, and upheld systems of power that continue to regulate bodies today.

1. Statistical Norms and the Average Man (L’Homme Moyen)

L’homme moyen (Adolphe

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Animal Gas Exchange: Lungs, Gills, and Tracheal Systems

The Purpose of Gas Exchange in Animals

Gas exchange is the vital process where oxygen (O₂) is taken into an animal’s body and carbon dioxide (CO₂) is removed. Oxygen is essential for aerobic respiration, a cellular process that generates energy in the form of ATP. This energy fuels all life processes, including movement, growth, and maintaining body temperature. Carbon dioxide, a waste product of this process, must be removed as it can become toxic if it accumulates. All animals perform gas exchange,

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