Oil Crises and Soviet Collapse: Economic Shifts
Oil Crises (1973 & 1979-80)
The first crisis wasn’t solely due to rising oil prices. It resulted from overlapping issues: rising oil prices, speculative currency exchange, the collapse of the Bretton Woods system, supply shortages of raw materials, agricultural crises, and strained political relations between Europe and the US. Sociological factors, like the French May 1968 protests and anti-Vietnam War movements, also played a role.
Main Indicators
- Sharp rise in oil prices, causing distortions
Augustine of Hippo: Faith, Reason, and the Love of God
The Interplay of Faith and Reason
Two Realities United
Faith illuminates reason, and reason elevates faith. Augustine of Hippo, throughout his philosophical endeavors, argued that faith is best understood through intelligence. For the Christian, faith and reason are distinct yet intimately bound realities. Revealed truth complements philosophical truth, together forming a complete and full understanding.
The Pursuit of Truth
The most important measure is arriving at truth, whether by faith or reason.
Read MoreSpain’s Golden Age: Habsburgs, Economy, and Culture (16th Century)
The Empire of Charles V
Charles I (1516-1556), eldest son of Philip of Habsburg and Joanna, heiress of the Catholic Monarchs, was proclaimed king in Brussels after his grandfather’s death. He inherited the Austrian Habsburg dynasty, facing challenges such as:
- High vulnerability due to widely scattered territories.
- Difficulty unifying laws across diverse territories with unique institutions.
Internal conflicts:
- Comuneros Revolt: Opposition to foreign policy and the emperor’s influence. Demands included
The Journey of a Boy: Discovering Life and Literature
A boy discovered the eight years that the wise men did not exist, and after that, in the atmosphere of confrontation between his father and his mother, he decided to leave at sixteen.
His father was quite rare and enigmatic, a young man who belonged to a theater group, which had appeared and began making their first works. He left home in the morning like everyone else and returned at dusk. In his life and work, above all, he was only a “top” for him, the poetic occupation. Comparisons were made
Read MoreUnderstanding Philosophical Conceptions of Human Beings
Philosophical Conceptions of Human Beings
Body and Soul
The soul-body relationship has been a central debate throughout history, generating numerous perspectives.
Brain and Mind
The brain is crucial for understanding the human psyche. It’s a powerful system, akin to a complex computer.
Genetic engineering modifies embryonic cell information encoded in our genes.
Theories on the Brain and Mind
These theories can be categorized into three groups:
- Materialist Monism: The human psyche is explained as a result
Understanding English Tenses: A Comprehensive Overview
Present Simple:
It has the same form as the infinitive for all persons, except for the third person singular, which usually adds an -s.
A: I eat a lot.
N: I don’t eat much.
I: Do you eat much?
Use:
• For routine actions.
• For statements of facts or general truths.
• To talk about permanent situations.
Present Continuous:
It is formed with the simple form of the verb ‘to be’ + main verb + -ing.
A: I am eating a hot dog.
N: I’m not eating a hot dog.
I: Am I eating a hot dog?
Use:
• To express
Evolution and Methods in Language Teaching: A Comprehensive Overview
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The Evolution of Language Teaching: From Grammar-Translation to Current Trends
0. Introduction
1. The Origins of Language Teaching
2. Traditional Teaching Methods
2.1. The Grammar-Translation Method.
2.2. The Direct Method
2.3. The Audio-Lingual Method
3. New Teaching Methods
3.1. Suggestopedia
3.2. The Silent Way
3.3. Community Language Learning
3.4. Total Physical Response (TPR)
3.5. The Communicative Approach
3.6. Content and Language Integrated
Read More19th-Century Transformations: Industry, Society, and Migration
Phase 2 of Independence (1817-1824)
- The absolutist restoration of Fernando VII was intolerable for the colonies.
- The movement began in Argentina, under the influence of General San Martín, and achieved independence at the Congress of Tucumán (1816). General San Martín crossed the Andes and secured the victory of Chacabuco, sealing Chile’s independence (1818).
- In the north, Simón Bolívar achieved independence for Colombia (1819) and proclaimed Gran Colombia in Angostura, envisioning it as a precursor
Understanding Human Actions: Morality, Ethics, and Responsibility
Human Actions and Morality
Human actions are activities considering means, goals, and consequences. They are governed by moral norms and values, which vary across societies but universally aim to respect individuals and the environment. Moral standards guide people to become worthy of respect, giving meaning and acting as principles for human action.
Freedom and Moral Obligation
Freedom is central to morality. As free individuals, we have a moral obligation, a commitment to act responsibly. This obligation
Read MoreInternational Relations: A Deep Dive into Key Theories and Concepts
International Society: Although individual states are sovereign and independent, lacking an overarching international government, common interests and necessary intercourse unite them into an indivisible community. For centuries, this has been called the “family of nations” or “society of nations”.
State and Sovereignty
Elements:
- Territory (land, sea, subsoil, air, cyberspace)
- Population (citizens, migrants, public opinion)
- Power (legislative, executive, and judiciary)
- Defense
- Taxation
- Currency