18th Century Transformations: Enlightenment, Trade, and Revolution
The Bill of Rights
A document that limits the power of the monarch (king).
The Independence of the U.S. and its Constitution
In the 18th century, the 13 British colonies on the East Coast of North America organized the first colonial insurrection. They established the first government founded on principles of equality and freedom.
Causes of the American Revolution
The American colonists were unhappy with Britain for two main reasons:
- They were not allowed to send representatives to Parliament (taxation
Spanish Restoration Era: Cánovas System and 1876 Constitution
The Failure of Amadeo I and the First Republic (1873)
Following the death of General Prim (Amadeo I’s main defender), the monarchy failed, unable to cope with the growing strength of opposition to the regime. Amadeo of Savoy’s brief reign was marked by political and social instability, leading to his abdication in 1873. The Cortes then proclaimed the First Spanish Republic.
Divisions and Instability in the Republic
Francisco Pi i Maragall became president, but the Republicans were deeply divided into
Read MoreBehavioral Economics: Biases, Prospect Theory, Utility
Session 1: orthodox neo clsscl: based of rational choice, may not consider people deviate from this model ≠ Behavioral eco: behaviors deviates in systematic and predictable ways (irrational) ealry neo classlc: hedonic psych maximize pleasure minimize pain post-war neo:
refernces to unobservable mental states were unscientifc, they focused on choices of individudals that “mirrored preferences” / Methodo of Behavioral eco: laboratory experiments/field expirements/ process measures (brain scans&
Foundations of Computation and Compiler Techniques
A Turing Machine (TM) is a theoretical model that defines an abstract machine capable of performing computations using a tape, a head for reading and writing symbols, and a finite set of states. The tape is infinite and divided into cells, each holding a symbol.
The machine reads the current symbol, changes it, moves left or right, and transitions between states based on a predefined set of rules. TMs can simulate any algorithm and are fundamental to understanding the limits of computation.
However,
Recruitment Strategy for Environmental Science Positions
Job Description
Work in scientific exchanges, training, and cooperation for sustainable development between Europe and countries with tropical and extreme environments. The aim is to conserve and restore biological diversity, provide adequate channels for disseminating cultural and environmental awareness, and promote scientific exchange. This involves unifying criteria and common patterns of action, and promoting research, training, and information sharing between individuals, groups, organizations,
Read MoreProduction, Cost, Revenue, and Profit Maximization Concepts
Production and Cost Analysis
Short-Run Production Concepts
Total (Physical) Product (TPP)
- Definition: The total amount of output obtained from a given amount of input.
- Graph: Vertical axis: Units of Output; Horizontal axis: Units of Input.
Average (Physical) Product (APP)
- Definition: The amount of output obtained per unit of input.
- Formula: Output / Input (APP = TPP / Input).
- Graph: Vertical axis: Average Product; Horizontal axis: Units of Input.
Marginal (Physical) Product (MPP)
- Definition: The additional
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory: Id, Ego, Superego
Understanding Personality and Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
What Is Personality?
Personality refers to the unique and consistent patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that characterize an individual. It shapes how people interact with the world and respond to different situations. Personality develops over time and is influenced by genetic, environmental, and social factors.
Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory
Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis, proposed one of the earliest and
Read MoreEssential Concepts of Contract Law: Offer, Consent, and Consideration
Types of Offer and Proposal
Definition (Section 2(a), Indian Contract Act, 1872)
When one person signifies to another his willingness to do or abstain from doing something, with a view to obtaining the assent of that other person to such act or abstinence, he is said to make a proposal or offer.
Explanation
An offer is the first step in the formation of a contract. It expresses a person’s readiness to enter into a legal relationship on specific terms.
Classification of Offers
- Express Offer: Made by
19 Pioneers: Medical Breakthroughs and Social Reform History
The Architects of Health and Welfare: 19 Key Figures
I. Medieval Foundations of Medicine (c. 400–1450)
1. Rhazes (Al-Razi)
How he did it: Pioneer of clinical observation; carefully recorded symptoms of diseases. Differentiated between smallpox and measles based on symptoms, challenging traditional ideas. Wrote medical texts used in Europe and the Islamic world for centuries.
- Short-term impact: Improved diagnostic accuracy in the medieval Islamic world. His texts became standard medical references,
Core Principles of Electric Circuit Theory
Thevenin’s Theorem
Thevenin’s theorem states that any linear, bilateral network with voltage sources and resistances can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a single voltage source (called Thevenin voltage, Vth) in series with a single resistance (called Thevenin resistance, Rth) when viewed from the terminals of the load.
Steps to Find Thevenin’s Equivalent
- Remove the load resistor (the part across which you want to find the equivalent).
- Find the open-circuit voltage across the load