The Irish Question: Conflict and Nationalism (1171–1900)
The Irish Question: Origins and Early History
Myth and Early Society
Irish myths suggest that Ireland was a chaste Emerald Isle ravished by the brutal Saxon. The “Irish Race” was defined by the division between Celtic and Anglo-Irish populations. During the High Kingship of Tara, Ireland was known for its missionary schools and scholasticism, though it was also a victim of Viking Raids.
The Anglo-Norman Conquest (12th Century)
The Anglo-Norman conquest followed William the Conqueror’s arrival in
Read MoreStrategic Brand Impact: P&G, Burger King, and KFC Cases
1. P&G – “The Look” Campaign Analysis
This campaign is not trying to sell a product. It’s trying to change how people think and feel. That means it fits under institutional advertising, advocacy advertising, and cause marketing. It deals with brand image, emotion-based positioning, and public relations, even though it’s structured like a paid ad.
What makes this ad powerful is that it uses emotional appeal (especially empathy and discomfort) to engage viewers. It doesn’t have a slogan
Read MoreDeep Learning for Audio and Speech Processing
Motivation for Deep Learning in Audio Processing
Why DL4ASP? Why use deep learning to analyze audio and speech? An audio file or stream consists of two main parts:
- Header: Contains metadata such as the file name, path, number of channels, sample frequency, and duration.
- Content: The actual sound data. It is unstructured binary data (0s and 1s). Without analysis, we do not know if it is music or voice; to understand the sound, you have to listen to it all.
The content is raw and complex, motivating the
Read MoreSales and Distribution Management Strategies
Functions of a Distributor
Inventory Management and Warehousing: The distributor purchases products in bulk from manufacturers and holds the inventory in their own warehouses. This function ensures products are consistently available to retailers, balancing supply with fluctuating market demand and reducing the storage burden on the manufacturer.
Logistics and Transportation: They manage the physical movement of goods, organizing transportation from the manufacturer to their warehouse, and then to
Read MoreScaling Success: Growth Strategies for Entrepreneurs
Defining Growth in Entrepreneurship
In the context of an entrepreneurial venture, Growth is defined as the sustained expansion of a company’s operations, revenue, market share, customer base, and overall organizational capacity over time.
It signifies the successful transition from the initial startup phase (focused on survival and product-market fit) to a more mature phase focused on scalability and sustainable profitability.
Key Metrics for Measuring Growth
Growth can be measured using various metrics,
Read MoreEssential Statistics Concepts and Formulas
Fundamental Statistical Definitions
1. Define Mean: Mean is the average. It is calculated as the Sum of all values ÷ Number of values.
2. Find Mean of First Ten Natural Numbers: The first 10 natural numbers are 1 to 10. The sum is 55. Mean = 55 ÷ 10 = 5.5.
3. Define Median: The Median is the middle value when data is arranged in ascending or descending order.
4. Find Median of First Ten Even Numbers: The first 10 even numbers are 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20. For an even count (10 values), the
Read MoreUS Government Structure and Political Accountability Mechanisms
Unit 2: American Government Institutions
I. The Judiciary
Constitutional Basis and Federal Courts
Article III establishes the Supreme Court and grants Congress power to create lower federal (inferior) courts.
Federal judges hold their offices “during good behavior” (lifetime tenure).
Structure of the Federal Judicial System
It is a three-tiered system:
- District Courts (trial courts)
- Courts of Appeals (appellate courts)
- Supreme Court (apex)
State and Local Courts
They handle the vast majority of legal cases
Key Concepts in Administrative and Political Theory
Foundational Theories of Public Administration
Garcia-Pelayo on Welfare State Administration
Garcia-Pelayo understood that the welfare state administration should be its executive arm. If the welfare state aims to ensure the economic and social status quo, this must be achieved through the administration.
Furthermore, the administration must provide the maximum possible welfare, addressing individual needs that cannot be met by the individual alone.
It should also establish and maintain the law through
Read MoreNetwork Fundamentals: Protocols, Streaming, and Reliable Data Transfer
Core Networking Concepts
Circuit Switching Fundamentals
In circuit switching, first maximize the smallest link, then proceed to maximize the subsequent links.
Total Network Delay Components
Total delay is calculated as the sum of:
- Processing/Nodal Delay
- Queue Delay
- Transmission Delay (Trans)
- Propagation Delay (Prop)
Bandwidth-Delay Product (BDP)
The Bandwidth-Delay Product (BDP) represents how much data fits within the “pipe” (where delay is the length and bandwidth is the width). To find the number of pipes,
Read MoreEU Internal Market Freedoms: Capital, Services, and Goods Regulation
1. Historical Development of Free Movement of Capital
Free movement of capital developed later and more cautiously than the other economic freedoms because the original Treaty rules were vague and ambiguous. Unlike goods, workers, establishment, and services, capital was not granted immediate liberalization or direct effect. During the 1960s and 1970s, the Court of Justice recognized direct effect for the other freedoms, but capital movements were excluded. Liberalization was meant to happen progressively
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