Digital Payments, Cybersecurity and E‑Governance in India
Digital Financial Tools and Applications
💳 Digital financial tools are electronic methods and platforms that allow users to manage, transfer, and utilize money digitally for various transactions and services. They enhance convenience, speed, and security in the financial ecosystem.
Digital Security and Identity Tools
These mechanisms ensure the safety and proper identification of parties during a digital transaction.
- OTP (One Time Password): A unique, automatically generated numeric or alphanumeric
Cell Biology Timeline and Eukaryotic Cell Structure
Timeline of Key Cell Biology Discoveries
- 1590 – Hans and Zacharias Janssen built the first microscope.
- 1665 – Robert Hooke named the cell.
- 1670 – Anton van Leeuwenhoek designed a simple microscope.
- 1674 – van Leeuwenhoek discovered animalcules (bacteria and protozoa).
- 1838 – Schleiden started developing cell theory in plants.
- 1839 – Theodor Schwann extended cell theory to all animals.
- 1858 – Rudolf Virchow proved that all cells come from the division of pre-existing cells.
- 1888 – Santiago
Literary Analysis of Savolta Case and Santiago Nasar
Themes in The Truth about the Savolta Case
Within the book, there are several secondary issues reflected. For example, the freedom of man speaks of the extent to which man is free and is not conditioned by the social environment in which we live, showing a clear difference in behavior between the upper class and the proletariat of Barcelona, placing the protagonist in between the two.
It also speaks of love of different types. For example, the relationship between Lepprince and Maria Coral is solely
Read MoreTransliteration and Name Conversion Rules for English
Transliteration and Name Conversion Rules
Lab reference table
| TOPIC | RULE / PRINCIPLE | EXAMPLE |
|---|---|---|
| LAB 10 – PT vs. TC | ||
| Practical Transcription (PT) | Transfers the sounds of a foreign name; consistent, rule-based; uses standardized letter correspondences. | RL Заболотный → EL Zabolotny |
| Traditional Correspondence (TC) | Uses historical, non-regular spelling rooted in cultural tradition, often unrelated to phonetics. | RL Иоанн → EL John |
| Where TC is common | Anthroponyms, figures of history, politics, culture, |
Comparative Politics: UK and US Constitutional Features
- 1. Comparative Method: The comparative method involves studying political systems by contrasting their institutions, processes, and functions to understand similarities, differences, and advance political theory.
Features of UK Constitution
The UK Constitution is unwritten, flexible, and founded on conventions, statutes, and judicial decisions. Parliamentary sovereignty is its primary characteristic.
Features of USA Constitution
The US Constitution is written, rigid, and federal. It establishes the
Read MoreData Types and Statistical Analysis Concepts Explained
Q1. Data Types: Categorical vs. Numerical
[8–9 Marks]
Answer:
Data comprises raw facts and figures collected for analysis and decision-making. Based on nature, data is mainly classified into Categorical data and Numerical data.
1) Categorical Data (Qualitative)
Categorical data represents qualities or categories and cannot be measured numerically.
Types:
Nominal: No natural order
Example: Gender (Male/Female), Blood GroupOrdinal: Ordered categories
Example: Grades (A, B, C), Satisfaction level
Example:
Read MoreEnglish Grammar: Active to Passive Sentence Structure
Active to Passive Voice Conversions (36 Examples)
Review these examples demonstrating how to transform active sentences into the passive voice across different tenses. The structure follows: Active Sentence → Passive Sentence.
- I clean my room every day. → My room is cleaned by me every day.
- Tom bought a nice present yesterday. → A nice present was bought by Tom yesterday.
- Ann will sing a beautiful song. → A beautiful song will be sung by Ann.
- Ben repaired my computer yesterday. → My computer
Mastering Polite English Requests and Writing Skills
Polite Requests
Key Phrases
Keywords: please, excuse me; use could, would you mind, may.
Request Models
- “Could you please help me…?”
- “Would you mind explaining that again?”
- “May I borrow your book, please?”
Quick Responses (1.1)
- Lend a pen: “Could you please lend me your pen?”
- Repeat instructions: “Would you mind repeating the instructions, please?”
- Open window: “Could you open the window, please?”
- Ask the time: “Excuse me, could you tell me the time, please?”
- Lower volume: “Would
Email & Network Security: S/MIME, IPsec, ESP, SSL, Honeypots
S/MIME: Secure Email Standards
S/MIME is a standard for secure email communication that provides authentication, message integrity, non-repudiation, and privacy using encryption and digital signatures.
Its main functions are:
Enveloped Data
Provides confidentiality.
The message is encrypted with the recipient’s public key so only the intended receiver can decrypt.
Signed Data
Provides authentication and integrity.
The sender’s private key is used to digitally sign the message; the receiver verifies
Economic Principles: Supply, Production, and Market Structures
Supply Fundamentals
1. Determinants of Supply
- Price of the Good: Higher prices generally increase supply.
- Cost of Production: Lower production costs increase supply.
- Technology: Improved technology can increase supply.
- Expectations: Suppliers’ expectations about future prices or demand can influence supply.
- Number of Suppliers: More suppliers in the market increase supply.
- Government Policies: Taxes, subsidies, and regulations can affect supply.
2. Law of Supply
- Definition: States that, ceteris paribus (