Common English Phrasal Verbs Explained

A

  • Ask someone out: Invite on a date.
  • Ask around: Ask many people the same question.
  • Add up to something: Equal.
  • Back something up: Reverse.
  • Back someone up: Support.
  • Blow up: Explode.
  • Blow something up: Add air.
  • Break down: Stop functioning (vehicle, machine).
  • Break down: Get upset.
  • Break something down: Divide into smaller parts.
  • Break in: Force entry to a building.
  • Break into something: Enter forcibly.
  • Break something in: Wear something a few times so that it doesn’t look/feel new.
  • Break in: Interrupt.
  • Break
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Engineering Investment Evaluation: Present, Future & Annual Worth

Present, Future & Annual Equivalent — Equal & Unequal Lives

1. Purpose of Investment Evaluation

Used to compare different engineering projects based on their economic worth.

Projects may have:

  • Different lifetimes
  • Different cash-flow patterns
  • Different initial investments

Goal → Select the economically best alternative.

2. Interest Factors (Essential)

(These appear multiple times, so memorize.)

Let i = interest rate per period, n = number of periods.

(P/F, i, n)

Present worth of single future sum:

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Resistance in Black Poetry and Children’s Literature

Audre Lorde — “Power” (1978)

Context

Power: Written in 1978 after the death of a 10-year-old Black boy, Clifford Glover, in New York (1973). This poem appears near the Black Arts period, when African Americans transformed voice into forms of poetry and art to capture resistance. The movement redefined Black as beautiful and powerful, turning language into rebellion and rejecting white literary norms.

Poem

The difference between poetry and rhetoric is being ready to kill yourself instead of your children.

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Java Variables, Objects, Static and Instance Members

Java Variables and Object Concepts

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Four kinds of variables

There are four kinds of variables:

  1. Local variables are those declared in method bodies; these appear in the variable portion of a Java execution frame. Unless explicitly requested, you generally do not need to show execution frames in an object diagram.
  2. Instance variables are non-static variables declared within a class body; these appear within an instance object box (see the discussion of objects below).
  3. Class variables are static variables
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Inorganic Chemistry Notes: Hydrides, Oxides & Metallurgy

Inorganic Chemistry Notes: Hydrides, Oxides & Metallurgy

Q1 — Diborane: Preparation, Structure & Bonding

Q1. Write a brief note on the preparation, structure, and bonding of diborane (B2H6). (6 marks)

Answer:
Diborane can be prepared by reducing boron trifluoride (BF3) with lithium aluminium hydride or by reacting sodium borohydride (NaBH4) with acids. The molecule consists of two boron atoms linked to four terminal hydrogen atoms and two bridging hydrogen atoms. The four terminal B–H bonds

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Indian Media Law: Free Speech, Privacy & Regulation

Shreya Singhal v. Union of India (2015) Ruling

The Shreya Singhal v. Union of India (2015) case is a landmark judgment in which the Supreme Court of India struck down Section 66A of the Information Technology Act, 2000, declaring it unconstitutional. Here are the key details:

  • Background: Shreya Singhal, a law student, challenged Section 66A after two girls were arrested in 2012 for Facebook posts criticizing a Mumbai shutdown following a politician’s death. The provision criminalized sending “grossly
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Global Supply Chain Management and Strategic Sourcing

Tema 16 — Supply Chain Management & Global Sourcing

Supply Chain Management: the process of coordinating and integrating the flow of materials, information, finances, and services within and among companies in the value chain from suppliers to the ultimate consumer.

Sourcing Globally

Reasons for sourcing globally:

  • Lower prices
  • No local availability of certain products
  • Competition using better-designed or higher-quality components not available locally

Increasing Use of Electronic Purchasing for Global

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Semiconductor Memory and Programmable Logic Devices

A) Semiconductor Memory: RAM, ROM, EPROM, and EEPROM

(7 Marks)

1. RAM (Random Access Memory)

Definition: RAM is a type of volatile memory that stores data and instructions currently in use by the processor. It allows the Central Processing Unit (CPU) to access data in any order, hence the term “Random Access.”

Characteristics:

  • Volatile: Data is lost when the power is turned off.
  • Fast: It provides quick data access and is essential for efficient processing.
  • Read/Write: It supports both the reading and writing
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Islamic Law and Civilization in Al-Andalus

Section 1: Islamic Law in Al-Andalus

Spain was largely dominated by Muslims following their conquest starting in 711. This territory operated under Islamic law, which is deeply intertwined with the religion and the fundamental pillars of Muslim civilization.

Pillars of Islamic Civilization

These pillars form the core of the Islamic faith and practice:

  1. Faith (Shahada): This is the primary and most crucial Muslim dogma. It is a monotheistic belief centered on Allah as the one God, and Muhammad as His
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Essential Linux Command Reference for System Tasks

1. Information Maintenance Commands

wc (Word Count)

Counts lines, words, and characters in a file.

  • wc file.txt — Show lines, words, and characters
  • wc -l file.txt — Count only lines
  • wc -w file.txt — Count only words
  • wc -c file.txt — Count only characters

clear (Clear Screen)

Clears the terminal screen.

clear

cal (Calendar)

Displays a calendar of the current or specified month/year.

  • cal — Show current month’s calendar
  • cal 2025 — Show calendar for the year 2025
  • cal 03 2025 — Show calendar for March
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