Mastering English Grammar and Usage
Modal Verbs
It’s possible: could. It’s impossible: couldn’t. Perhaps it’s probable: may, might. It’s necessary: have to. It’s unnecessary: don’t have to. It isn’t necessary: you needn’t go. It was wrong, it was a mistake, it was a waste of time: you shouldn’t have. To know how: can. To be obliged: must.
Deduction
I’m sure he isn’t: can’t. I don’t think he is: can’t. I’m sure he is: must. I think he is: must.
Tense Changes in Reported Speech
Present Infinitive without to becomes Past Present perfect.
- Play
Keynesian Economics, New Deal, and Post-War Economic Concepts
Keynesian Proposal
Keynes’ diagnosis of the 1929 crisis identified the main problem as a lack of demand leading to the economic collapse of investment. Faced with the decline of private investment, he proposed that the state should increase public spending, mainly on public works. The deficit generated if state spending increased would be offset because this initial expenditure would create new demand (the Keynesian multiplier). Thus, to increase total production, the state could increase taxes on
Read MoreAtomic Structure and Chemical Laws: A Comprehensive Summary
Lavoisier: Conservation of Mass
In any chemical reaction, the total mass of reactants is equal to the mass of the products. For example, 5g + 1.2g = 3.7g.
Proust: Definite Proportions
The proportion among the masses in which two or more elements combine to form a certain compound is always constant and independent of the procedure used to form it.
Dalton: Multiple Proportions
When two elements combine together to form more than one compound, the masses of one of them that combine with the same mass of
Read MoreAfrican Decolonization: Independence and Its Challenges
The decolonization of Africa occurred primarily after World War II. Independence brought many problems due to the artificiality of the borders drawn during the Berlin Conference (1885) and the imperialist ambitions of the former European powers. The processes of independence began after the war.
Independence in the Maghreb (North Africa)
- Libya gained independence from Italy in 1951. In 1969, Muammar al-Gaddafi led a coup and established a socialist regime. For decades, Libya became a major adversary
Russian Revolution: A Deep Dive into its History
Background
The Russian Revolution was a political, social, and economic movement that took place in 1917. It was led by two groups: the Mensheviks (professional, moderate monarchists) and the Bolsheviks (the working class and the poor, in general). These groups opposed the monarchy of Tsar Nicholas II, whose policies had generated discontent among the population. This movement took place during the contemporary epoch of history.
Protagonists
In the first stage of the Russian Revolution, led by the
Read MoreMastering English: Connectors, Tenses, and Formal Letters
Essential English Connectors and Their Meanings
- Actually: en realidad, exactamente
- All the same: sin embargo
- Also: también
- Although: aunque, a pesar de
- Apparently: al parecer
- As: como, tal como
- As… as…: tan … como
- As a result: así
- Because: porque, a causa de
- Because of: debido a
- Both … and …: tanto … como …
- But: pero
- Consequently: por consiguiente
- Currently: actualmente
- Finally: al fin, finalmente
- For: ya que, pues
- Fortunately: afortunadamente
- Furthermore: además
- However: no obstante, ahora bien
- If:
Effective Communication in Education: Overcoming Barriers
Obstacles to Effective Communication in Education
A) Obstacles in the Message
- Verbal attacks
- Insufficient technical or educational skills (e.g., non-use of schemes, examples)
- Subjectivity in the presentation, influenced by prejudices
- Unawareness or ignorance of partners, ranging from ignoring feedback to contempt or disregard of their responsibilities
B) Obstacles in Reception
- Student fatigue
- Inappropriate language, especially for foreign students
- Inappropriate layout and behavior of subjects, contributing
Commercial Law: Concepts, Company, and Business Practices
Commercial Law: Core Concepts
Commercial Law can be defined as the part of private law that covers all legislation relating to the employer and the actions arising from the exercise of their business. The fundamental issues of this concept are:
- Part of Private Law: This is a branch of Private Law, which is one of two basic categories into which the law is divided. Private law is concerned with regulating relations between individuals, and in particular, Commercial Law regulates the relations of businesses
Key Concepts in Economics: From Principles to Market Dynamics
Positive and Normative Economics
Positive Economics
Deals with describing, explaining, or predicting economic phenomena. It is objective and fact-based, where statements can be tested and validated.
Normative Economics
Concerns what ought to be in the economy. It is subjective and value-based, often involving policy prescriptions and opinions.
Definition of Economics
Paul Samuelson
Defined economics as the study of how societies use scarce resources to produce valuable commodities and distribute them among
Understanding Freedom, Determinism, and Moral Action
What is Freedom?
Freedom, in its external sense, refers to the outward appearance of the target action or behavior. However, in its internal, subjective sense, freedom refers to deliberation and decision. We must distinguish between two senses of freedom: freedom in the negative sense, equivalent to the absence of constraints, and freedom in the positive sense, which equates to power.
A person is free in the external negative sense if there are no restrictions in the external environment preventing
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