Renaissance Jewels: San Pietro in Montorio & El Escorial

San Pietro in Montorio: Bramante’s Roman Masterpiece

Built on the supposed site of St. Peter’s crucifixion by Donato Bramante between 1502-1503 and commissioned by the Catholic Monarchs, it later became the Royal Spanish Academy in Rome. Inspired by the ancient temples of Vesta and Sibyl, it embodies the classical style.

This work synthesizes Bramante’s interest in centralized plans, creating a circular architectural space. It is complete and self-contained, with two levels above ground or steps.

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Essential Phrases for Essays, Articles, and Letters

Essay Writing Phrases

Expressing Personal Opinions

  • In my opinion
  • I believe (that)
  • I feel (that)
  • It seems to me
  • In my view
  • As I see it
  • I think
  • Personally

Showing Purpose

  • To
  • In order to
  • So as to
  • So that

Listing Ideas

  • Firstly
  • Secondly
  • Finally
  • In the first place
  • Lastly

Contrasting Ideas

  • However
  • Although
  • In contrast
  • Whereas
  • But
  • Nevertheless
  • In spite of
  • Despite

Describing a Cause

  • Because
  • Since
  • As
  • Due to

Showing Sequence

  • First of all
  • Then
  • After that
  • Eventually
  • In the end
  • Finally

Adding Information

  • In addition
  • Moreover
  • What is more
  • Besides
  • Too
  • Furthermore
  • And

Describing

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Descartes, Rationalism, and the Scientific Revolution

Renaissance Influences on Descartes

In the Renaissance, there was a return to the classics alongside a significant influence from Stoicism and Epicureanism. Stoicism, for instance, is evident in Descartes’s very morals. He was also influenced by Skepticism. However, his focus became a question of method for attaining certainty that could not be doubted.

The Rise of New Science and Its Impact

For the development of the new science, Platonism, Pythagoreanism, and the importance of number and geometry

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Key Concepts in English Clause Syntax and Structure

Clause Subclasses and Related Structures

Clause Types

  • Content Clauses (e.g., the talk he gave, that…)
  • Relative Clauses
  • Comparative Clauses

Related Phrase/Clause Examples

  • AdjP (Adjective Phrase): e.g., Andrea – happy to be included
  • PP (Prepositional Phrase): e.g., the final march – between
  • AdvP (Adverb Phrase): e.g., They travel – usually – by train
  • Clause: e.g., If she fails – and she probably will…

Coordination Types

Basic Coordination

  • Unmarked Coordination (e.g., apples, oranges…)
  • Repetition
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Public Office Plant Positions: Holders, Substitutes, Surrogates

Public Office Plant Positions Explained

Public office positions can be categorized, with one type being Plant positions. These represent the set of permanent positions legally assigned to each institution, forming a permanent staff structure (e.g., managerial, professional, administrative, technical assistants).

Individuals holding these Plant positions can be classified as:

Types of Plant Position Occupants

Holders

Officials appointed to fill a vacant office permanently.

Substitutes

Officials designated

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Operating System Fundamentals: Definitions, Types, and Functions

Operating System Definition

An operating system (OS) is a suite of software designed to allow communication between a computer user and the hardware, managing the computer’s resources in a comfortable and efficient manner.

What is a transmission medium?

(Definition not provided in the original text)

What is POST?

POST stands for Power-On Self-Test. It is a diagnostic testing sequence that a computer’s basic input/output system (BIOS) runs to determine if the computer keyboard, random access memory, disk

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Language Skills Practice: Fill-in-the-Blanks

Vocabulary & Grammar Completion

  1. After the accident, medical staff gave my father the best treatment possible.

  2. Keeping your options open is always a good idea when applying to university.

  3. Who do you recommend I turn to if I need help in school?

  4. Which photo do you think I should use for my profile?

  5. I would hate to live in a country where winter lasts for most of the year.

  6. After dropping out of college, Mark Zuckerberg co-founded Facebook.

  7. The introduction of cheap air travel has had a major impact on

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Crafting Your Digital Strategy: Value, Persona, Presence

Define Your Strategy with SMART Objectives

Define objectives that are SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound). This provides guidance for the strategic questions you need to ask.

Strategic Framework: Define Your Offer and Reach

1. Value Proposition: What You Offer and to Whom

Ask yourself: “What am I offering and to whom?” Define what makes you useful or different. What makes you or your offer special, and who will benefit from it? What do you have that is different, useful,

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Key Historical Terms: Europe & Russia 1879-USSR

Armed Peace
Period from 1879 until the start of the First World War in 1914. It was a period of peace in Europe based on respect for the status quo in the Balkans established by the Berlin Congress, altered only by conflicts elsewhere in the world as major powers engaged in intense rearmament.
Triple Alliance
Alliance formed by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. Created by Bismarck in 1882, it was defensive, aimed at establishing a balance of power in Europe favorable to Germany.
Triple Entente
Formed
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Characteristics of Major Text Types

Text Types

Expository Text

Provides objective information on a particular topic in a clear and orderly manner. It uses the representational function of language with a precise, clear, and objective style. The text is often accompanied by pictures, illustrations, or graphics.

Features

  • Precise and specific vocabulary (denotative, avoiding metaphors).
  • Use of verbs in the 3rd person singular, indicative mood.
  • Simple syntactic constructions and short sentences for clarity.
  • Use of examples and restatements to
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