Defining Truth: Facts, Propositions, and Philosophical Criteria
Truth and Reality
The nature of truth, its relationship with reality, its types, and how to identify it have been fundamental problems in theoretical reasoning and, therefore, in philosophy. We consider facts and items to be true or authentic. However, we also believe our statements or propositions can be true.
Truth of Facts: Reality vs. Appearance
The distinction between reality and appearance has been a subject of controversy throughout the history of philosophy. However, a prevailing conception
Read MoreDefining Health, Illness Types, and Prevention Methods
Understanding Health and Illness
What is Health?
Health is often defined as the absence of illness. It represents a state of well-being where the body is healthy and carries out all its functions correctly. Health encompasses not only physical well-being but also mental and social aspects.
Healthy Habits for Well-being
Healthy habits help us stay healthy and prevent illnesses. One of the most crucial habits is maintaining a healthy diet. It’s also important to follow healthy behavioral patterns, such
Read MoreBaroque Art and Architecture: Styles, Context, and Masters
Understanding the Baroque Term
We use the term Baroque in two ways: as an aesthetic category applicable to any era, contrasting with the Classic, and as the prevalent artistic style in Europe and America during the 17th century and the first half of the 18th century. It was not a homogeneous style, presenting various trends, and the first half of the 18th century saw the derivation of Rococo. The term was contextualized by Eugenio d’Ors. Key contrasts defining Baroque versus Classicism include:
- Symmetry
The Scientific Revolution: Astronomy, Method, and Physics
Factors Favoring the Scientific Revolution
- Adoption of Arabic numerals over Roman numerals.
- Invention of the printing press (around the 1450s).
- Secularization of scientific methodology and the rise of the new bourgeoisie.
- Great sea voyages, which spurred advancements in shipbuilding and navigation tools (e.g., sails, compasses).
- Humanist interest in crafts and agriculture.
- Improved calculations for directing cannon fire.
- Fusion of science and technique (e.g., telescope, microscope).
New Astronomy
Nicolaus
Read MoreCore Principles of Marxist Dialectical & Historical Materialism
Dialectical Materialism
Marxism can be divided into two major themes: dialectical materialism and historical materialism. Dialectical materialism adapts the dialectical method of Hegel, but inverts his idealism. For Marx, there are two primary philosophical approaches:
Core Philosophical Concepts
Idealism
Prioritizes spirit, consciousness, or mind over material reality.
Materialism
Gives primacy to matter over spirit or mind. Marx distinguished between:
- Mechanistic Materialism: Conceives matter as inert,
Influential Figures in Arts and Letters
Diego Velázquez
Developed a naturalistic style with tenebrist lighting, influenced by Caravaggio and his followers.
Caravaggio
Considered the first great exponent of Baroque painting.
Goya
His work embraces easel and mural painting, printmaking, and drawing. In all these facets, he developed a style that ushered in Romanticism. Goya’s art also marks the beginning of contemporary painting and is considered a precursor to the avant-garde painting of the twentieth century.
Turner
An English Romantic landscape
Read MoreCrisi Econòmica i Tensió Social a la República
La desfavorable situació econòmica
El canvi de règim va coincidir amb el Crac del 29. Aquesta crisi va influir negativament en tota l’economia espanyola i en va impossibilitar el creixement econòmic. Una via per pal·liar la crisi va ser l’emigració a Amèrica. A això es van afegir els problemes interns de l’economia espanyola: atur agrícola, repartiment desigual de la terra, poca competitivitat internacional…
A més, cal afegir els problemes derivats de la política econòmica del govern
Read MoreIndian Government Schemes for Financial & Social Support
Stand-Up India Scheme
The Stand-Up India Scheme aims to promote entrepreneurship among women, Scheduled Castes (SC), and Scheduled Tribes (ST). It provides loans ranging from ₹10 lakh to ₹1 crore for setting up greenfield enterprises in manufacturing, services, or trading sectors.
Benefits:
- Financial Support: Large loans for business establishment.
- Focus on Inclusion: Encourages participation of marginalized groups.
- Promotes Entrepreneurship: Supports new ventures and startups.
- Employment Generation:
Heart Function, Blood Circulation, and Kidney Filtration
Heart Function and Blood Circulation
Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
Atrial Systole
The atria contract, pumping blood into the ventricles through the atrioventricular valves.
Ventricular Systole
The ventricles contract. Blood exits into the pulmonary artery and aorta as the semilunar valves open. Simultaneously, the atrioventricular valves close.
Diastole
The heart relaxes. Blood from the vena cavae and pulmonary veins enters the atria. Blood just pumped into the arteries cannot return to the ventricles due
Immanuel Kant: Philosophy, Critiques, and Influence
Immanuel Kant: Life and Key Writings
Immanuel Kant was born in Königsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia) in 1724 and died in the same city in 1804. He studied theology and science and devoted himself to teaching. A lifelong scholar, he lived for books, writing on topics ranging from cosmology to treatises on customs, yet he famously never left his hometown.
His most important works include:
- Critique of Pure Reason (1781)
- Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785)
- Critique of Practical Reason