Understanding Ethics: Key Theories and Modern Challenges
What is Ethics?
Ethics is a branch of philosophy reflecting on what is considered morally good and trying to develop a rationally universal morality valid for all cultures.
Major Ethical Theories
Ethical theories represent different ways of thinking about the best way to live and behave. They are often grouped into categories:
Material Ethics Explained
Material ethics affirm a supreme good or ultimate goal that guides our moral behavior and establishes a set of rules or moral standards to achieve it.
Read MoreSpanish Language: Origins, Evolution, and Dialects in Spain
Spanish Phonetic Segments
Consonants by Place of Articulation
- Bilabial: /p/, /b/, /m/
- Labiodental: /f/
- Interdental: /θ/ (represented as ‘z’ or ‘c’ before e, i in some descriptions)
- Dental: /t/, /d/
- Alveolar: /s/, /l/, /ɾ/, /r/, /n/
- Palatal: /tʃ/ (represented as ‘ch’), /ʝ/ (represented as ‘y’ or ‘ll’)
- Velar: /k/, /g/, /x/ (represented as ‘j’ or ‘g’ before e, i)
Consonants by Manner of Articulation
- Occlusive (Plosive): /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/
- Fricative: /f/, /θ/, /s/, /ʝ/, /x/
- Affricate: /tʃ/
- Lateral:
Engineering Ethics: Theories, Evolution & Professional Codes
Engineering Ethics: Evolution and Theories
Evolution of Ethics
- Early Ethics: Rooted in religion and divine commands (e.g., Ten Commandments).
- Philosophical Ethics: Shift to reason and rationality in ancient Greek philosophy (e.g., Aristotle’s virtue ethics, Plato’s theory of the ideal state).
- Modern Ethics: Emergence of autonomous ethics in the Enlightenment (e.g., Kant’s deontological ethics).
- Postmodern Ethics: Ethics become relativized, where moral values depend on culture, context, and individual
Aristotelian Physics and the Dawn of the Scientific Revolution
Aristotle’s Physics: A Two-Region Cosmos
In Aristotle’s cosmos, Earth, motionless, occupied the center, and all other known celestial bodies revolved around it in perfectly circular orbits. In this universe, Aristotle distinguished two regions: the sublunar and the supercelestial.
Sublunar Region
This region is composed of lower, less noble matter: the four elements (earth, water, air, and fire). It is the realm of change and movement; only here do processes of alteration, generation, and corruption
Read MoreMarx’s Dialectical Materialism: Reality and Alienation
Marx’s Dual Philosophical Aims
Marx aimed to transform philosophy into a science capable of explaining all reality. Simultaneously, he intended his theory to critique the historical reality of his time and thereby help transform it. For this reason, Marx’s philosophy had two dimensions:
- Theoretical: A scientific explanation of reality, seeking to understand human reality, society, and history to develop a theory of consciousness that illuminates ideological and alienated existence.
- Practical: Aimed
Spanish Employment Contracts, Salary, and Working Hours
Contract Formalization
Upon signing an employment contract, the worker agrees to its terms. A contract containing fraudulent or legally unfair terms is considered invalid. After signing, the employer must give one copy to the worker and another to the workers’ representatives. Within ten days of signing, a copy must be sent by the employer to the employment office.
Trial Period
A trial period can be established when signing the contract. If the contract doesn’t specify it, the relevant collective agreement
Read MoreBeneatha’s Identity & Walter’s Dreams in Raisin in the Sun
Summary of the Scene
Later on the same Saturday, Beneatha emerges from her room cloaked in the Nigerian clothes that Asagai has brought her. Ruth finds Beneatha’s pageantry silly and questions her about it. Meanwhile, Walter returns home drunk. He sees Beneatha dressed up and acts out some made-up tribal rituals with her, at one point standing on a table and pronouncing himself “Flaming Spear.” Ruth looks on wearily.
Beneatha removes her headdress to reveal that she has cut off most of her hair,
Read MoreMedieval Troubadour Culture in the Crown of Aragon
Who Were the Troubadours?
The troubadours were often sons of noble families associated with convents (though not professed as monks) who lived in royal courts, composing songs in the vernacular tongue.
Provençal Poetry and the Crown of Aragon
After the conquest of Valencia by James I, the Valencian lands became part of the Crown of Aragon.
Provençal poetry was the most important in Europe from the eleventh to the thirteenth century. Early authors used this language not only for its prestige but also
Read MoreEuro Currency Effects and Spain’s Unemployment Challenge
The Euro Currency Introduction
In 2000, most European countries, except for the United Kingdom, Switzerland, and Sweden, started using a common currency called the Euro.
Initial Economic Disparities
At that time, the economic situations of the nations within the Union’s boundaries became quite distinct. The map of Europe, much like centuries before, highlighted the differences between some Southern European states and others ranging roughly from Germany to the Nordic countries.
North-South Divide and
Read MoreInterwar Economic Crises, Depression & Rise of Dictatorships
Post-War Economic Crisis (Early 1920s)
In the early 1920s, Europe experienced an economic crisis caused by several factors:
- The material destruction which had occurred during World War I and the reduced workforce.
- The end of the war economy, which had been based on the production of military equipment and supplies. There was also a shortage of consumer goods and high levels of inflation, particularly notable in post-war Germany.
- Investment speculation: People speculated by buying shares, aiming to make