English Sentence Transformation Exercises
Sentence Rewriting Practice: Using Keywords
Rewrite these sentences using the words in brackets:
- It’s been a long time since I last saw Paul. (for) I haven’t seen Paul for a long time.
- I didn’t hear from him for ten years. I received his email. (when) I hadn’t heard from him for ten years when I received his email.
- She started studying Drama three years ago. (been) She has been studying Drama for three years.
- She studied German for three years. Then she moved to Berlin. (after) After she had studied
Catalan Republic: Political Dynamics and Events
The Catalan Republic: Key Differences with Spain
Model Development and Political Dynamics
Distinct ideological models shaped the Catalan Republic: Catalan nationalism, republicanism, and anarchism.
The Elections and Proclamation of the Republic
- ERC’s victory in the municipal elections on April 12th.
- Lluis Companys proclaimed the Catalan Republic in Barcelona.
- Francesc Macia proclaimed the Catalan Republic as a member state of the Iberian Federation.
- Creation of the Generalitat de Catalunya (provisional)
The Welfare State: Purpose, Values, and Models
Understanding the Welfare State Model
Social heterogeneity and the existence of mismatched interests express the values and purposes attributed to the state. The actual experience of the Welfare State makes it a model that cannot be denied. It is often seen as the only instrument that can effectively tackle inequality while preserving freedom.
Core Purpose: Addressing Inequality and Ensuring Freedom
It is useful to recall the concept of existential provisions. The State must provide all that is necessary
Read MoreFranco’s Spain: Politics, Society & Economy (1939-1956)
Post-War Spain under Franco
Background
After the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939), General Francisco Franco established a fascist-inspired military dictatorship in Spain, opposing democracy, parliamentarism, and communism.
Political Aspects: Building the New State
The Organization of the New State
Concentration of Powers in Franco
Franco instituted a totalitarian state in Spain, combining elements of a fascist state, a military dictatorship, and an absolute monarchy without a king. He assumed all significant
Read MoreWinemaking Processes: Protein Stability, Fermentation & Sparkling Wine
Identifying Protein Instability in Wine
To differentiate protein instability (protein haze) from other issues like iron casse, perform the following tests:
- Add a few drops of hydrochloric acid to the cloudy wine. If protein instability is present, the cloudiness will likely increase.
- Alternatively, heat the wine to 80°C. If the haze dissolves, it might be tartrate crystals or another deposit. If it persists or increases, protein instability is likely. [Note: Standard tests often involve heating to
Web Applications, Multimedia Concepts, and Architectures
A web application is an application that users access via a web server over the Internet or an intranet using a web browser.
Well-known examples include webmail applications, wikis, weblogs, and online shops.
Web interfaces may have limitations in the functionality offered to the user.
A significant advantage is that web applications generally work the same regardless of the operating system or version installed on the client machine.
Hypertext is a technology that organizes an information base into
Read MoreEcology Essentials: Abiotic and Biotic Environmental Factors
Ecology Definition by Ernst Haeckel
Ernst Haeckel first used the term ecology. Ecology is the branch of natural science focused on the study of living organisms and their relationships with the abiotic and biotic environment.
Abiotic Factors
1. Water and Sanitation
Water is the universal solvent and a primordial factor in ecosystem formation. Alongside wind, it can change the geography of an area. It is a renewable natural resource, intervening through the hydrologic cycle, giving character to an ecosystem.
Read MoreSpanish Conquest, Atlantic Trade & American Impacts
Atlantic Trade & Spanish Conquest of the Americas
The voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1492 and the subsequent establishment of a Pacific route linking the New World to China (after the Spanish established a colony in the Philippines in 1571) marked the beginning of what some call the ‘first globalization’. Spanish control over much of the New World initially gave them the resources to establish a vast empire encompassing many peoples speaking different languages.
Pre-European Americas &
Read MoreScientific Method, Earth Structure, and Cosmic Origins
Fundamentals of Scientific Inquiry
One can consider a range of general characteristics that define scientific work.
The Role of Questions
Posing questions is a crucial aspect of science. The ability of scientists to ask critical questions about reality is fundamental.
Hypothesis Formulation and Testing
The formulation of hypotheses starts from an idea based on observations or the knowledge of those who have previously studied the phenomenon. Making assumptions is a key moment. Statistical hypotheses
Read MorePoetics in Antiquity: Key Concepts and Thinkers
Poetics: Creation and Imitation
Poiesis is akin to creation. Poets exist because they are creators. The idea persists that God created the world through words, leading to the belief that words possess creative power.
The Power of Words in Creation
Some believe words hold magical power over reality, citing examples like:
- Mantra: A series of syllables with religious meaning, believed to cause effects in reality if pronounced correctly.
- Wen: A rhythmic pattern found both in poetry and potentially in the