Python Algorithms: Mastermind Solver, Text Frequency, and Sorting Techniques
Mastermind Game Logic Implementation in Python
This section provides Python functions for implementing the core logic of the Mastermind game, including calculating clues and finding compatible combinations. Note that muertos refers to Black Pegs (exact matches) and heridos refers to White Pegs (correct color, wrong position).
1. Counting Color Occurrences
def occurrences(color: str, comb: str) -> int:
""Counts how many times a specific color appears in a combination""
oc = 0
for l in Pivotal Dates in US History and European Integration (1648–2022)
Foundations of Modern Governance (1648–1830)
- 1648: Peace of Westphalia.
- 1776, July 4: Declaration of Independence.
- 1777: Articles of Confederation.
- 1783: Treaty of Versailles (ending the American Revolutionary War).
- 1786: Shays’ Rebellion.
-
1787:
- June: Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia.
- July: Northwest Ordinance.
- September: Approval of the U.S. Federal Constitution.
- 1788: Ratification of the U.S. Federal Constitution.
- 1789: George Washington elected first U.S. President.
- 1791: Bill of Rights adopted.
The Generation of ’27: Spanish Poets, Works, and Styles
The Generation of ’27: Key Poets and Literary Contributions
The following profiles detail the lives, works, and styles of the most prominent members of the Generation of ’27, a group of Spanish poets who rose to prominence in the 1920s.
Pedro Salinas (Madrid, 1892 – Boston, 1951)
Salinas studied Law and Literature. He was a poet focused on the theme of love. He was influenced by Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, Juan Ramón Jiménez, and Vanguard movements (Ultraism and Futurism).
Works:
- La voz a ti debida
Key Terms in Agriculture, Environment, and Fisheries
Environmental and Fishing Terminology
- European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD): Funds rural development programs.
- Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Fisheries: Jurisdictional waters or the area over which a state has exclusive fishing rights.
- Biological Rest Periods: Temporary cessation of fishing in areas with overfishing problems to allow resources to recover.
- Noise Pollution: The presence of noise and vibrations in the environment that cause discomfort, risk, or harm to people, or which
Medieval Spanish Literature: From Epics to Prose
Historical and Cultural Context
The medieval period spanned from the 5th to the 15th century. Society was divided into three classes: the nobility, the clergy, and the common people. The monarchy required the support of the nobles for campaigns against the Arabs, and the territory was divided into various Christian kingdoms.
Culture was primarily confined to monasteries. Books were very scarce and were written by hand, leading to widespread illiteracy among the general population.
The medieval worldview
Read MoreTechnical Essentials: Water Types, Purification, and Energy Measurement
Common Types of Water
Water is categorized based on its source and treatment method:
- Tap Water: Typically treated for safety and potability by local municipalities.
- Mineral Water: Naturally sourced and contains minerals like calcium and magnesium.
- Spring Water: Comes from underground sources and may be untreated.
- Distilled Water: Purified through distillation, removing contaminants.
- Purified Water: Treated to remove impurities and often used in laboratories.
- Sparkling Water: Carbonated water with added
Luigi Ferrajoli’s Formal Definition of Fundamental Rights
Item I: Definition of Fundamental Rights
1. Ferrajoli’s Formal Definition
Luigi Ferrajoli proposes a theoretical definition, purely formal or structural, of fundamental rights. Fundamental rights are defined as all those subjective rights that are universally attributed to all human beings as endowed with the status of persons, citizens, or persons with capacity to act.
In this context, the key terms are defined as follows:
- Right: Any positive expectation (of performance) or negative expectation (no
Spain’s Path to Conflict: Dictatorship, Republic, and Civil War
Primo de Rivera’s Military Dictatorship (1923–1930)
By 1923, dissatisfaction with the Restoration Monarchy was widespread. General Miguel Primo de Rivera established a military dictatorship with the avowed aim of taking a break from political life to end corruption.
Stages of the Dictatorship
- Early Years: Initially, Primo de Rivera enjoyed some popularity, even within the workers’ movement. The protectorate in Morocco was pacified by a French-Spanish alliance in 1925.
- Maintaining Power: A strong economy
Ensemble Methods Comparison: Bagging, Boosting, and Stacking Techniques
Bagging Classifier Implementation
Base Model Performance
base_model = DecisionTreeClassifier(random_state=42)
base_model.fit(X_train, y_train)
y_pred_base = base_model.predict(X_test)
base_recall = recall_score(y_test, y_pred_base)
print("Recall del modelo base: {:.4f}".format(base_recall))Hyperparameter Tuning (Grid Search)
param_grid = {
"n_estimators": [10, 50, 100],
"max_samples": [0.5, 0.8, 1.0],
"max_features": [0.5, 0.8, 1.0],
"bootstrap": [True]
}
bagging = BaggingClassifier(Mercantilism: From Classical Empires to Modern Economic Nationalism
The Mercantilist and Economic Nationalist Perspective
1. What is Mercantilism? Definition and Core Perspective
- Mercantilism is a state-centered approach in International Political Economy (IPE).
- It views the economy as a tool for national power and security, not as a neutral system.
- It is based on the idea that international relations are a continuous power struggle.
- It assumes that the international economy is a zero-sum game: one state’s gain is another’s loss.
- Wealth is considered finite, so every