Key Historical Facts and Figures from Spain and Beyond
Year of Discovery of America: 1492
Century in which Velazquez lived: 16th-17th century
Years of World War I: 1914-1918
Years of the Civil War: 1936-1939
What is the largest continent? Asia
What is the least densely populated continent? Antarctica
What is the most densely populated continent? Asia
What is the extent of Spain? 504,782 km²
Years of World War II: 1939-1945
Names of the planets in the solar system: Mars, Venus, Earth, Jupiter, Uranus, Saturn, Neptune
What is the largest planet? Jupiter
What is
Latin American Revolutions: Socio-Political Transformations and Upheavals
Latin American Revolutions
Latin America was not immune to the global reality of rapid changes around the world: the Cold War, the bipolar world, communism, the arms race, capitalism, the revolutionary atmosphere, and dictatorships were also protagonists in the reality of its people.
In Latin America, the evolution was slow. Many still saw Subcomandante Marcos as a new Che Guevara, when in fact, while Che was a revolutionary hero, Marcos wanted to reaffirm democracy and defend the Maya identity. The
Read MoreInvertebrate Biology: Annelids, Mollusks, Arthropods
Leaf Structure
Plants faced dehydration when transitioning to land. Photosynthesis requires light and CO2. Leaf structure adapted to solve this. Angiosperm leaves have architectural adaptations to avoid desiccation. Upper and lower surfaces are covered with transparent epidermal cells coated with a waxy cuticle, reducing water loss. Between is the mesophyll, including palisade cells (columnar, below upper epidermis) for photosynthesis. Lacunar mesophyll (loosely arranged cells with spaces) also aids
Read MoreHuman Biology: Auditory, Visual, Olfactory, Gustatory & Tactile Senses
Organs
Auditory System
The ear consists of three parts: the outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear.
Outer Ear
Composed of the pinna, ear canal, and eardrum, the outer ear collects and transmits sound waves to the middle ear. The ear canal contains small hairs and wax-producing glands for protection. The eardrum is a membrane separating the outer and middle ear.
Middle Ear
This section contains the tympanic cavity with three openings: one closed by the eardrum, and two inward openings called the oval window
Read MoreExploring Key Concepts in Law and Justice
Key Concepts in Law and Justice
Classical Foundations
Themis
Themis, daughter of Zeus, was associated with divine governance and the monitoring of human behavior.
Dikaiosyne
Dikaiosyne represents the general virtue encompassing all other virtues. The poet Teoganides considered justice the greatest virtue.
Dike
Dike, daughter of Themis, embodies the ideal of justice as equality (isonomy) and equality before the law. This concept carries the seeds of democracy.
Modern Legal Concepts
Overcoming Legal Positivism
This
Read MoreUnderstanding Metal Corrosion: Processes and Prevention
Understanding Metal Corrosion
Metal corrosion is the transformation of a metal or metal alloy through chemical or electrochemical interactions, resulting in corrosion products and energy release.
Metallic corrosion (electrochemical mechanism) typically occurs when metal is exposed to water molecules, oxygen gas, or hydrogen ions in a conductive medium.
Protection Against Metal Corrosion
Protection methods must consider technical and economic aspects. Exposure is crucial. Corrosion inhibitors or controlling
Read MoreThe Spanish Civil War: Key Events and Analysis
The Spanish Civil War
Military Developments
Phase 1: Initial Stages (Until December 1936)
The insurgents’ primary goal was to capture Madrid. With Italian support, they mobilized troops from Africa and advanced towards the capital. However, Madrid’s robust defense halted their progress, prompting the Republican government to relocate to Valencia. The Republic secured control of the north, from Galicia to the Basque Country, encountering significant resistance in Asturias. Simultaneously, Republican
Read MoreEuropean Thought: Renaissance to Enlightenment
Renaissance (15th-17th Centuries)
Renewal and Transformation
A period of economic, political, social, and cultural development in Europe. This era witnessed a shift in the European mindset, inspired by classical antiquity, leading to a new worldview.
Philosophical Revival
A return to the original meanings of classical philosophical systems. The established authority of Aristotle faced scrutiny, particularly his concepts of man and nature, which some theologians perceived as challenging Christian doctrine.
Read MoreCatalonia’s Agriculture, Economy, and Infrastructure
Agrarian Sector in Early 20th Century Catalonia
In the early 20th century, 50% of Catalonia’s population worked in agriculture. Currently, it holds 2.2%, yet agriculture still engages 30% of the region. This is due to high mechanization and productive livestock farms requiring less labor, a normal evolution in developed countries. Catalonia’s agriculture has experienced several key changes:
- Decreased acreage with increased forests and other uses like second residences and tourism.
- Expanded irrigation
Macroeconomics and Economic Policy
Macroeconomics
The Economy as a Whole
Macroeconomics is influenced by external market shocks, internal factors, and state intervention. These factors impact supply and demand.
Aggregate Demand
Aggregate demand (AD) is the total expenditure in an economy at a given price level. It includes spending by households, businesses, the public sector, and foreign entities. The formula for AD mirrors that of GDP: AD = C + I + G + (X-M).
Factors Affecting Demand:
- Income Level
- Money Supply
- Taxes
Aggregate Supply
Aggregate
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