Christian Art History: Early, Byzantine, Romanesque, Gothic Styles

Early Christian Art

Early Christian art developed from the 1st to the 6th century CE. In 313 CE, Emperor Constantine established the Edict of Milan, granting religious freedom to Christians, which significantly impacted artistic expression.

First Period (1st Century CE – 313 CE)

  • Christianity was illegal.
  • Painting and sculpture developed, primarily in catacomb tombs.
  • Sculptural reliefs were typically small.

Second Period (313 CE – c. 520-530 CE)

  • Christianity became legal due to the Edict of Milan.
  • Christians
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Human Body Systems: Nerves, Senses, and Coordination

Body Coordination: Nervous System & Senses

Interaction and Coordination

The nervous system interacts with both internal and external environments, enabling the body to detect changes and provide appropriate responses.

The Basic Pathway of a Response

  • Stimulus: An external or internal change.
  • Receptors: Detect the stimulus and convert it into an electrical impulse.
  • Central Nervous System (CNS): Processes the impulse.
  • Responses:
    • Muscle Effector: Leads to a motor response (movement).
    • Gland Effector: Leads
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Altamira Caves: Paleolithic Art and Its Legacy

Discovery of Altamira Caves

The Altamira Caves were discovered by Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola in 1879. The discovery occurred when his daughter, María, accidentally pursued their dog, who had hidden there. The girl entered the interior of the cave through a small opening, and upon going to rescue her, they found this great artistic treasure.

Altamira Cave Layout and Artistic Features

The Altamira Cave extends 270 meters from the entrance to the deepest part. We can distinguish three zones: the entrance

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Foundations of Philosophical Inquiry: Concepts and Human Existence

Foundations of Philosophical Inquiry

Understanding Key Philosophical Concepts

What is Exegesis?

The linguistic tool that allows us to interpret words within their linguistic background.

What is Phenomenology?

The philosophical tool that allows for a description of the essential facts of something.

What is Hermeneutics?

The philosophical tool that allows us to interpret words within their linguistic background.

The Hermeneutic Triangle

What is more particularly called the “hermeneutic triangle”?

Why These

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Pharmacy Fundamentals: Products, Skin Health, and Grammar Basics

English Language Fundamentals

Present Simple Tense

  • Usage: Everyday actions, sometimes, always, never, often.
  • Structure: He/She/It + verb + ‘s’.
  • Questions: Do/Does…?
  • Negatives: Don’t/Doesn’t.

Present Continuous Tense

  • Usage: Actions happening now, right now, at the moment.
  • Structure: Verb ‘to be’ + verb + ‘-ing’.
  • Questions: Are you…?
  • Negatives: Aren’t/Isn’t + verb + ‘-ing’.

Prepositions of Place

  • On: Encima (on top of)
  • In front of: En frente (in front of)
  • Behind: Detrás (behind)
  • Above: Por encima (above, not
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Global Economic Shifts: From WWI to the Great Depression

The Economic Aftermath of World War I

European exports fell dramatically during the four years of war. Consequently, overseas countries, especially the USA and Japan, developed industries producing substitute goods. The large volume of debt incurred by some of the victorious countries, particularly Britain and France, caused these Western European nations to become debtors. In contrast, the vanquished nations, Germany and Austria, had not incurred significant foreign debts during the war. However,

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Positivism Defined: Comte’s Influence & Scientific Approach

Positivism: Definition and Historical Context

While recognizing diverse backgrounds, positivism, mainly associated with empirical thought, established itself in the second half of the nineteenth century as both a scientific method and a philosophical conception of the world. Broadly defined, positivism is a philosophical stance opposing idealism and rejecting metaphysics, based on a belief in facts or realities accessible through the senses. It accompanied the processes of secularization and industrialism,

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Spain’s 16th Century: Economic Boom, Crisis, and Societal Structure

Economy and Society in 16th Century Spain

Economic Developments and the Price Revolution

Economic developments in 16th-century Spain were marked by significant growth and the Price Revolution. Both Castile and Aragon experienced a major boom across all economic sectors, particularly those related to urban and commodity production, international trade, and port activities. Population growth and increasing demand from America for all types of products further stimulated this demand.

Another important

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Effective Complaint Letter Examples & Writing Tips

Complaint Letter Examples and Writing Tips

Dear Sir/Madam,

I am writing to complain about the unsatisfactory service I received from your company.

On 25th March, I purchased an HB 1 Smartphone from your London branch. The problems began the first day when the phone wouldn’t charge. I returned to the shop and was given a new charger. Then, yesterday, the battery died completely. This time, I was told that the battery was faulty and that I could buy a new one for 35€. I was shocked because my phone

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Spain’s Democratic Transition: 1975-1982

Spain’s Democratic Transition: An Overview

The Spanish Democratic Transition and the 1978 Constitution began in 1975 after Franco’s death and extended until 1982 with the socialists’ rise to power. Franco’s wishes for an integral Spain were incompatible with the survival of modern Europe. Three political alternatives were proposed after the dictatorship: continuity, reformism, or rupture.

Key Figures and Early Reforms (1975-1977)

On November 22, 1975, Juan Carlos I was proclaimed king and expressed

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