Christian Art History: Early, Byzantine, Romanesque, Gothic Styles
Early Christian Art
Early Christian art developed from the 1st to the 6th century CE. In 313 CE, Emperor Constantine established the Edict of Milan, granting religious freedom to Christians, which significantly impacted artistic expression.
First Period (1st Century CE – 313 CE)
- Christianity was illegal.
- Painting and sculpture developed, primarily in catacomb tombs.
- Sculptural reliefs were typically small.
Second Period (313 CE – c. 520-530 CE)
- Christianity became legal due to the Edict of Milan.
- Christians
Human Body Systems: Nerves, Senses, and Coordination
Body Coordination: Nervous System & Senses
Interaction and Coordination
The nervous system interacts with both internal and external environments, enabling the body to detect changes and provide appropriate responses.
The Basic Pathway of a Response
- Stimulus: An external or internal change.
- Receptors: Detect the stimulus and convert it into an electrical impulse.
- Central Nervous System (CNS): Processes the impulse.
- Responses:
- Muscle Effector: Leads to a motor response (movement).
- Gland Effector: Leads
Altamira Caves: Paleolithic Art and Its Legacy
Discovery of Altamira Caves
The Altamira Caves were discovered by Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola in 1879. The discovery occurred when his daughter, María, accidentally pursued their dog, who had hidden there. The girl entered the interior of the cave through a small opening, and upon going to rescue her, they found this great artistic treasure.
Altamira Cave Layout and Artistic Features
The Altamira Cave extends 270 meters from the entrance to the deepest part. We can distinguish three zones: the entrance
Read MoreFoundations of Philosophical Inquiry: Concepts and Human Existence
Foundations of Philosophical Inquiry
Understanding Key Philosophical Concepts
What is Exegesis?
The linguistic tool that allows us to interpret words within their linguistic background.
What is Phenomenology?
The philosophical tool that allows for a description of the essential facts of something.
What is Hermeneutics?
The philosophical tool that allows us to interpret words within their linguistic background.
The Hermeneutic Triangle
What is more particularly called the “hermeneutic triangle”?
Why These
Read MorePharmacy Fundamentals: Products, Skin Health, and Grammar Basics
English Language Fundamentals
Present Simple Tense
- Usage: Everyday actions, sometimes, always, never, often.
- Structure: He/She/It + verb + ‘s’.
- Questions: Do/Does…?
- Negatives: Don’t/Doesn’t.
Present Continuous Tense
- Usage: Actions happening now, right now, at the moment.
- Structure: Verb ‘to be’ + verb + ‘-ing’.
- Questions: Are you…?
- Negatives: Aren’t/Isn’t + verb + ‘-ing’.
Prepositions of Place
- On: Encima (on top of)
- In front of: En frente (in front of)
- Behind: Detrás (behind)
- Above: Por encima (above, not
Global Economic Shifts: From WWI to the Great Depression
The Economic Aftermath of World War I
European exports fell dramatically during the four years of war. Consequently, overseas countries, especially the USA and Japan, developed industries producing substitute goods. The large volume of debt incurred by some of the victorious countries, particularly Britain and France, caused these Western European nations to become debtors. In contrast, the vanquished nations, Germany and Austria, had not incurred significant foreign debts during the war. However,
Read MorePositivism Defined: Comte’s Influence & Scientific Approach
Positivism: Definition and Historical Context
While recognizing diverse backgrounds, positivism, mainly associated with empirical thought, established itself in the second half of the nineteenth century as both a scientific method and a philosophical conception of the world. Broadly defined, positivism is a philosophical stance opposing idealism and rejecting metaphysics, based on a belief in facts or realities accessible through the senses. It accompanied the processes of secularization and industrialism,
Read MoreSpain’s 16th Century: Economic Boom, Crisis, and Societal Structure
Economy and Society in 16th Century Spain
Economic Developments and the Price Revolution
Economic developments in 16th-century Spain were marked by significant growth and the Price Revolution. Both Castile and Aragon experienced a major boom across all economic sectors, particularly those related to urban and commodity production, international trade, and port activities. Population growth and increasing demand from America for all types of products further stimulated this demand.
Another important
Read MoreEffective Complaint Letter Examples & Writing Tips
Complaint Letter Examples and Writing Tips
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to complain about the unsatisfactory service I received from your company.
On 25th March, I purchased an HB 1 Smartphone from your London branch. The problems began the first day when the phone wouldn’t charge. I returned to the shop and was given a new charger. Then, yesterday, the battery died completely. This time, I was told that the battery was faulty and that I could buy a new one for 35€. I was shocked because my phone
Read MoreSpain’s Democratic Transition: 1975-1982
Spain’s Democratic Transition: An Overview
The Spanish Democratic Transition and the 1978 Constitution began in 1975 after Franco’s death and extended until 1982 with the socialists’ rise to power. Franco’s wishes for an integral Spain were incompatible with the survival of modern Europe. Three political alternatives were proposed after the dictatorship: continuity, reformism, or rupture.
Key Figures and Early Reforms (1975-1977)
On November 22, 1975, Juan Carlos I was proclaimed king and expressed
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