Spinoza & Leibniz: Rationalism, Substance, and Monads

Spinoza’s Philosophy

Rational Spirit

Spinoza’s philosophy is based on modern rationalism. Mathematical deduction is considered the highest form of rationality. Rationality allows us access to reality more rigorously. Spinoza first establishes definitions, sets a series of axioms, and thereafter devotes himself to obtaining various propositions whose truth is demonstrated by applying deductive logic. For Spinoza, genuine knowledge is knowledge by causes. It follows a logical order, from the universal

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Key Terms: Decolonization, Cold War & Francoist Spain

Post-War Global Concepts (Item 11)

Decolonization

The process by which colonies in Asia and Africa, previously held by European powers, gained independence.

Neo-colonialism

The phenomenon where control over the wealth and resources of former colonies remains indirectly in the hands of companies based in the former colonial powers.

Non-alignment

A stance taken by countries during the Cold War, indicating they were not formally part of either the Eastern (Soviet-led) or Western (US-led) blocs.

Bandung Conference

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Key Developmental Psychology & Reading Theories

Piaget’s Cognitive Development Stages

Piaget described the mechanism by which the mind processes new information. He said that a person understands whatever information fits into their established view of the world. When the information doesn’t fit, the person must re-examine and adjust their thinking to accommodate the new information. As teachers, we should understand these cognitive stages:

  • Sensorimotor (birth – 2 years): The child learns about themselves and their environment through motor and
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The Evolution of Education Systems and Economic Impact

Education Today

Historical Perspective

Typically, we associate education with lectures delivered in purpose-built facilities. However, before the invention of the printing press in 1454, access to culture and knowledge was limited to certain privileged classes, as the circulation and distribution of hand-copied books were scarce. Since the advent of printing, literacy rates have increased in most industrialized and developing countries.

Literacy allows us to be better informed about world events and

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Operational & Supply Chain Case Studies: Benihana, Toyota, EV

Benihana of Tokyo Case Analysis

Key Concept:
Benihana’s success stems from a unique operational model combining entertainment, efficient use of space, a simplified menu, and controlled labor costs.

Core Strategies:

  • Hibachi Cooking Style: Chefs cook in front of customers, offering entertainment and reducing back-of-house kitchen space (only 22% of space is non-dining).
  • Limited Menu: Focusing on steak, chicken, and shrimp minimizes food waste and simplifies operations.
  • Labor Efficiency: Requires only
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System Programming Concepts: Roles, Areas, and Tools

What is a system?

A set of components that interact to achieve a common goal.

What is programming?

The process that converts system specifications into machine instructions to produce the desired results.

What is system programming?

A set of programs necessary for a computer to operate coherently and monolithically for its users.

What is the role of a programmer?

Programmers play a supportive role in maintaining the operating system software environment used by application programmers and computer operators.

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Ship Crew Roles & Navigation Fundamentals

Ship Crew Roles and Responsibilities

Officer Roles

Chief Mate

The Chief Mate’s primary responsibilities are:

  • Creating the stowage plan.
  • Supervising the loading and discharging of cargo.
  • Supervising general ship maintenance.

Second Officer

The Second Officer (or Second Mate) of a merchant vessel is responsible for the navigational equipment and is traditionally the ship’s navigational officer. The Second Officer is the third-in-command, after the Master and Chief Mate, and typically stands the twelve o’clock

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Cash Flow Statement: Activities, Methods & Preparation

Understanding Cash Flow Activities

It is important to first identify the resources generated or used by the business during the accounting period, classified into three main areas:

  • Cash generated by or used for operating activities.
  • Cash generated by or used for investment activities.
  • Cash generated by or used in financing activities.

Operating Activities Cash Flow

Cash flow from operating activities represents the cash generated from the main, regular income-producing activities of the business. These

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Contemporary Debates on Technology, Society, and Education

Big Brother Slippery Slope

Maria’s Arguments

First Argument: Algorithms vs. Human Bias

I believe predictive algorithms can make better decisions than humans. Unlike us, they don’t let emotions affect their choices, which can sometimes result in unfair judgments. For example, a judge might make a biased decision due to personal beliefs, even if they try not to. But an algorithm would simply analyze the facts and data, making the decision fairer and less prone to human error.

(Maria notes: unintentionally.

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Principles of Scientific Knowledge, Semiotics & Language

Understanding Scientific Knowledge

Science is a rational, objective, and critical process that provides descriptions of phenomena, predicts their behavior, and yields proven results.

Characteristics of Science

  • Sound: Bases its claims on arguments and evidence.
  • Objective: Valid for everyone and open to research and verification by others.
  • Critical: Research results are considered provisional, not final.

Functions of Science

  • Describe: Observe phenomena and take note of their behavior.
  • Explain: Identify the
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