Augustine’s Philosophy: Core Ideas Explained
Metaphysics: Creation, Ideas, and Evil
St. Augustine defends creationism: the world and time were created by God ex nihilo (from nothing). This creation is explained through the theory of Ideas: God formed concrete beings in matter based on the eternal Ideas existing in the divine mind. Furthermore, God placed seminal reasons (rationes seminales) within creation – germs of all future beings – allowing them to appear gradually over time. All created being is thus composed of matter and form. This
Read MoreStock Valuation and Return Calculation Examples
Stock Valuation Problems
NU YU Dividend Valuation
NU YU announced today that it will begin paying annual dividends. The first dividend will be paid next year in the amount of $0.57 a share. The following dividends will be $0.62, $0.77, and $1.07 a share annually for the following three years, respectively. After that, dividends are projected to increase by 3.8 percent per year. How much are you willing to pay today to buy one share of this stock if your desired rate of return is 12 percent?
Calculation
Read MoreCrane & Lifting Equipment Electrical Safety Requirements
Disconnect Switches and Contact Protection
Components must be marked with a label indicating they are protected against unintentional direct contact with live parts. If circuit disconnect switches pass through rings or busbars, they must be protected against direct contact with a minimum degree of protection of IP2X. Maintenance disconnects may be omitted if the emergency switches specified in section 4.2 are connected to the installation’s input supply. For a single crane installation, the main
Read MoreRoman Republic Officials: Key Magistracies Explained
Key Magistracies of the Roman Republic
Tribune of the Plebs
The Tribunate of the Plebs was a crucial magistracy representing the plebeians against the patricians. Tribunes held significant power, including the right to veto actions harmful to the plebeians.
Curule Aediles
The office of the Curule Aediles (initially patrician, later open to plebeians) was likely created by the Leges Liciniae Sextiae in 367 BC, alongside the existing Plebeian Aediles. The term ‘Curule’ signifies their right to sit on
Read MoreSepoy Mutiny: Causes, Results & 1858 Act Changes
Key Causes of the Sepoy Mutiny Outbreak
Four main causes for the outbreak of the Sepoy Mutiny are:
Political Cause
The reactionary policies of Lord Dalhousie caused widespread dissatisfaction among the people.
Economic Cause
The removal of the Mughal Emperor’s name from the East India Company’s coins in 1835.
Social Cause
Unrest among the royalty and common people caused by the previous century of British rule.
Religious Cause
Replacing the official Persian language with English in the administration.
Important
Read MoreFoundations of the Modern Liberal State
The modern liberal state emerged from the old regime, which was primarily the absolutist monarchy. In this form, the king or queen was the sovereign, and their word was law. In the 17th century, a new way of thinking was born: the idea that all members of society constitute the people, and sovereignty resides in the people by law. This new order was founded on law.
Republican traditions are closely associated with the liberal tradition. The principle that the law should be the same for all guarantees
Read MoreHookworm and Toxocara Infections
Hookworm (Cutaneous Larva Migrans)
Larvae of animal hookworms cause this condition in humans. Found in animal feces and contaminated soil, they penetrate human skin causing a crawling eruption. Humans are not the definitive host; larvae migrate aimlessly in tissues and do not complete their life cycle.
Causative Agents
- Ancylostoma caninum (dogs): More common in tropical and subtropical countries. Potential zoonosis: cutaneous larva migrans.
- Uncinaria stenocephala (dogs): Increased prevalence in Chile
Industrial Production: Evolution, Impacts & Location Factors
Changes in Industrial Production
- Incorporation of electronics.
- Industrial design using computer programs.
- Robotization of assembly lines.
Environmental Consequences of Industry
Negative Effects
- Industries modify their environment. Discharges and industrial waste dumped into rivers and seas have provoked major problems of water pollution.
- The atmosphere around some industrial zones has a large number of particles in suspension from the emission of fumes and gases. These substances produce phenomena like
Bicycle Parts Explained: Wheels, Chain, Pedals
Bicycle Wheels (Rims)
Bicycle rims are typically made of aluminum alloys and are quite flexible, resistant, and light. They have wheels that are stronger and heavier than road wheels, and feature a series of holes on the left and right where the heads of the spokes connect. These drill holes are protected to avoid puncturing the inner tube. Rims also often have a hand protector and a larger hole where the valve of the inner tube exits.
Inner Tubes and Valves
The main difference between valve types
Read MoreSpain’s Diverse Landscapes and Ecosystems
Landscapes and Environment in Spain
Ecosystems and Biodiversity
Living beings are distributed throughout Spain. The diversity in relief and climates results in a wide variety of ecosystems.
An ecosystem is the whole, the interrelation of all the creatures that live in a particular area, comprising biotic components and abiotic elements within an environment.
These ecosystems exhibit high biodiversity. Biodiversity is the variety of creatures that live on planet Earth or within a determined region. This
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