Islamic Legitimacy and Arab Tribal Society
4. Islamic Legitimacy and Ideology
Every organization needs social legitimacy, which is provided by ideology. Legitimation: A set of arguments explaining that the organization is “natural” under the assumption that the entire universe has an order, and all must adapt.
Ideology is often projected on a theory of knowledge, i.e., an explanation of the world and the role of humans in it. The theory of knowledge was initially developed by philosophy, but from the Middle Ages, it was in open conflict with
Read MorePlato’s Philosophy: Soul, Dialectics, Good, Justice
Alma (Soul)
ALMA (Soul): Top of life and knowledge, divine and immortal. Truth and happiness are reached through the soul, recalling ideas from the world of ideas via dialectics, not senses. Plato divides the soul into irascible (noble passions), concupiscible (passions), and rational (immortal, wisdom). The dominant part defines one’s societal role, leading to justice when all fulfill their roles.
Dialéctica (Dialectics)
Dialectics: Study of ideas and the path to true knowledge. It’s a purification
Read MoreHume’s Epistemology: Impressions, Ideas, and Skepticism
Theory of Knowledge: Elements
All knowledge of the mind are perceptions, in two types:
- Impressions: Perceptions from the senses, simple or complex.
- Simple: Captured by a single sense.
- Complex: Apprehended through multiple senses.
- Ideas: Memories of past impressions, simple or complex.
- Simple: Result from a single impression.
- Complex: Formed by associating simple ideas (similarity, contiguity, cause and effect).
Impressions are stronger and precede ideas. Thought derives from sensitivity.
Hume’s Empiricism:
Read MoreFrench Revolution to European Unifications: 18th-19th Century
T.2: Liberalism and Nationalism
DLA 1.LS Revolution Causes
In 1789, France faced a deep economic and social crisis. Similar to 1760, rising food prices and other issues led to discontent. The bourgeoisie were dissatisfied with their political marginalization, as only the privileged could hold office and enjoy social recognition. Additionally, the monarchy was in a deep financial crisis due to high court costs. The proposed solution, tax reform, forced the aristocracy to pay taxes.
1.2 The Beginning
Read MoreEnzymes, Metabolism, and Cellular Energy Processes
Enzymes: Biological Catalysts
Cells possess chemical compounds that control internal reactions. Enzymes are proteins acting as catalysts, accelerating chemical reactions without harming the cell. Each enzyme acts on a specific substrate. Enzyme names often end with the suffix -ase (e.g., maltase, lactase).
Denaturing Proteins: High temperatures break molecular links in proteins.
Metabolic Pathways
Metabolism types include:
- Photolithotrophs: Light energy, CO2 (plants, algae, cyanobacteria).
- Photoorganotrophs:
Analyzing Research Methods and Scientific Attitudes
Analyzing Author’s Style
- Read the text, understand the author’s style, consider if it’s a scientific paper, and how the author elaborates ideas.
The author uses a methodological approach based on dialogue to develop ideas. The article is presented as scientific research, using data collection and bibliographic references.
Research in Education
- What is research and how is education research seen in the country?
Research is an intentional, structured search for answers. Educational research in Brazil is
Read MoreNietzsche’s Metamorphosis: Camel, Lion, and Child
Nietzsche’s Three Metamorphoses
The core theme of Nietzsche’s text revolves around the three transformations necessary to overcome the Western individual, burdened by Platonic-Christian education. These transformations aim to restore the original innocence found in a child and the Übermensch (Superman).
Historical Context: Nietzsche’s life in the latter half of the 19th century coincided with a turbulent period marked by political, social, and economic upheavals. The second industrial revolution,
Read MoreCortes of Cadiz and Ferdinand VII Succession
Economic and Social Reforms of Cortes of Cadiz
Liberalism from France grew in Spain after the revolution, despite censorship. The War of Independence allowed its spread beyond a small circle. In Cadiz, the Cortes’ legislative work dismantled the Ancien Régime’s social, economic, and political foundations, creating a new order. This can be divided into decrees ending the Ancien Régime and establishing a new order, embodied in the 1812 Constitution.
Besides the Constitution, the Cortes enacted significant
Read MoreEvolution of Atomic Models: From Dalton to Quantum Mechanics
Dalton’s Atomic Model
In 1808, Dalton formulated his atomic theory, which broke with traditional ideas (Democritus, Leucippus). It introduces the concept of the discontinuity of matter, being the first scientific theory to consider that matter is divided into atoms. The basic postulates of this theory are:
- Matter is divided into particles called atoms, which are indivisible and unchangeable.
- Atoms are very small particles and cannot be seen with the naked eye.
- All atoms of the same element are equal
Nurturing Holistic Wellbeing: Mind, Body, and Diet
Have a happy and rewarding life is easier with a healthy body and mind. The pain, discomfort, and fatigue are obstacles to our wellbeing. However, to maintain good health is not enough to trust in doctors. We must know ourselves what we can do to maintain and improve our health.
It can analyze the issue of health from several perspectives. First, we consider the diet. Spiritual practitioners usually abandon, or at least reduce, intake of animal protein such as meat because this kind of food involves
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