British History: From Roman Empire to the Stuart Dynasty
Language and Culture
Fall of the Roman Empire
In the late 4th century, under Constantine, the Western Roman Empire fell apart after nearly a 500-year run as the world’s greatest superpower. Many factors contributed to this decline, but most historians agree that a combination of factors such as Christianity, decadence, lead, monetary trouble, and military problems caused the fall of Rome.
The fate of Western Rome was partially sealed in the late third century when the Emperor divided the Empire into
Read MoreNavarre’s Institutions and Conflicts with the Spanish Monarchy
Institutions of the Kingdom of Navarre
In the Kingdom of Navarre, the central institution was the King or Viceroy. The King held military functions, administrative duties, and the appointment of officials.
The Courts
The Courts handled taxes and laws. The Supreme Court addressed claims against Navarrese charters (contrafueros). The Courts were composed of various strata of society: nobility, clergy, towns, and cities.
The Royal Council
The Royal Council advised the Viceroy on administrative functions
Read MoreUnderstanding Economic Policies and Fiscal Instruments
Economic Policy
Economic policy refers to state intervention to achieve objectives related to economic production, employment, and prices. It uses variables such as public spending, taxes, and the cost of money.
A. Objectives
- Sustainable economic growth (increasing production of goods and services) – GDP, GNP.
- Full employment, economic activity, and reduced unemployment.
- Price stability (price control) – CPI, inflation rate (this improves the welfare of citizens).
B. Media
- Direct: Organizations that produce
Understanding Administrative Acts and Secondary Statistical Sources
The sources of administrative acts are exhaustive, providing information on all the specific administrative acts made, not a sample or part of the total data. The National Institute of Statistics (INE) provides sources with records of deaths, causes of death, etc. However, as its aim is not to produce knowledge, little additional information is collected that could help explain the reported administrative act itself, making this analysis difficult. For example, registering a death is an administrative
Read MoreUnderstanding Ethics: From Kant to Dialogue
Freedom is the Basis
Immanuel Kant (18th century) believed that freedom is the main characteristic of rational beings. Kant thought that without presupposing freedom of choice, it is not meaningful to talk about morality. The moral dimension of human beings cannot be understood without freedom because it makes no sense to tell someone what to do and what behaviors should be followed. An important consequence of this is that humans have dignity and not a price; they cannot be exchanged or manipulated
Read MoreProsecution Process in Public Institutions: Stages and Procedures
Summary Procedure
Stage 1: Instruction begins with a resolution from the institution’s supervisor appointing an official as a prosecutor. This resolution must be communicated, and from that point, the deadline for complying with their tax commitment begins. Once notified, the prosecutor must appoint an actuary who becomes a minister of faith for all actions of the prosecutor (and their secretary). Once the clerk is appointed, the prosecutor has broad authority to take all necessary steps to clarify
Read MoreOracle Database Architecture: Components and Structure
Key Components of an Oracle Database
- Control File: Contains information about physical files, the name of the database, block sizes, and information for recovery. Control files are required to open the database.
- Data File: Contains information that records end-user applications.
- Redo Log: Records all changes made to the database and the recovery status.
- Pfile and Spfile: These are settings of the System Global Area (SGA) and optional features of Oracle background processes.
Oracle Instance and Server
- An
Nietzsche’s Critique of Reason and Dualism in Philosophy
Nietzsche’s Critique of Reason in Traditional Philosophy
Nietzsche’s critique of reason in philosophy encompasses a criticism of the onto-epistemology found in traditional philosophy, particularly Platonism. Nietzsche’s primary interlocutor is Platonism, understood broadly as a systematic-dogmatic philosophy originating with the Eleatic school, especially Parmenides. Parmenides was the first to logically deduce the characteristics of true reality, positing that Being is sole, eternal, and immutable.
Read MoreHumanistic Psychotherapy: Healing and Techniques
Humanistic Psychotherapy: A Path to Healing
Key Concepts of Humanistic Psychotherapy
- The humanistic psychology movement is a genuinely American development, emerging outside of academic psychology during the 1960s. It arose from dissatisfaction with behaviorism and psychoanalysis.
- The immediate background of the humanist movement is the Gestalt school.
- The main feature is the conception of man as being endowed with inherent potential. This potential should be discovered and nurtured rather than constructed.
Occupational Safety and Employment Contracts: Key Aspects
Occupational Safety and Employer Responsibility
Civil Liability
When occupational accidents with harmful outcomes are caused by reckless or negligent actions of the employer, they must compensate the worker for the damages caused by the accident.
Criminal Liability
The law punishes anyone who is legally obliged to safeguard the life and physical health of workers, yet fails to provide the necessary means for them to carry out their work safely and without risk to life, health, and physical integrity,
Read More