Spanish Constitution of 1931: Key Articles & Context
Articles of the Spanish Constitution of 1931
9 December 1931
(Excerpt: “Art. 1 España es una república democrática…”)
This is a text of a legal nature, specifically, the Spanish Constitution of 1931. Therefore, it originates from the appropriate public authority and is intended for the nation as a general text. It is a primary source, being a reproduction of articles from the 1931 Constitution.
The drafting of the constitution was carried out by a commission headed by the Socialist Jiménez de
Read MoreUnderstanding Knowledge: Sources, Properties, and Truth
The Sources of Knowledge
The sources of knowledge are experience and thought. Through these, we learn from experience. Experience must be prolonged by thought. Experience is also called intuition, which can be sensuous (what we see and touch) or ideal (ideal objects). Concepts are the ideas we have of reality. Knowledge is always the result of thought applied to sensory or empirical content.
The Three Properties of Experience
Sensory experience is essential because it allows us to understand things
Read MoreImperialism, Colonization, and the Road to World War I
Imperialism and Colonization
1. Imperialism
Imperialism involved economic innovation, transforming techniques, and reorganizing work. Major advanced countries created colonies, dominating territories militarily, economically, and politically.
Causes:
- Economic: Seeking larger and new markets, raw materials, and a place to invest surplus capital.
- Demographic: Emigration to improve working conditions.
- Political: Stabilizing European power dynamics.
- Ideological: Belief in national superiority.
2. Types of Colonies
- Exploitation
The Doubt of St. Thomas: Romanesque Relief at Santo Domingo de Silos
The Doubt of St. Thomas: Cloister of Santo Domingo de Silos
The monumental sculpture, now prominently displayed, once adorned the cloisters of the Monastery of Santo Domingo de Silos in Burgos. Santo Domingo de Silos and Moissac, nearly contemporary, were among the first to embellish architectural elements of cloisters with storied iconography.
“The Doubt of St. Thomas” Relief
“The Doubt of St. Thomas” is a celebrated relief found on the inner sides of the pillars within the cloister of Santo Domingo.
Read MoreMarx, Weber, Durkheim: Core Sociological Concepts
Marx’s Theory of Class Conflict
Classes according to Marx are defined by their relationship to the means of production (owning or not owning).
- Conflict exists between the proletariat (workers) and the bourgeoisie (owners).
- The bourgeoisie exploits the proletariat.
- The bourgeoisie is united; the proletariat is not and must organize to fight capitalism.
- Crises will continue until the proletariat unites to create communism.
Marx’s Four Types of Alienation
- From the labor process: The worker is under capitalist
World War I: Causes, Rivalries, and Tensions
The Causes of World War I
The First World War was the result of a long process, rooted in imperialist expansion and the formation of a global economy. The alliance policy and the increasingly inadequate empires (Russian, Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian) to govern their dominions also played a significant role. The effects of the war became evident from 1919 onwards.
Today, a multi-causal explanation of the outbreak of war is favored, moving away from interpretations based solely on economic reasons or Prussian
Read MoreKey Transportation & Tourism Terms: A Comprehensive Glossary
Key Transportation & Tourism Terms
ADIF: Railway infrastructure manager responsible for maintenance, operation, and construction of new lines.
Popular Stores: Small stores offering cheap, everyday products.
Tourist Areas: Areas with a high density of tourists, both foreign and domestic.
Highway: A path consisting of separate lanes for each direction of movement, free of intersections.
Information Highway: Electronic connectivity networks circulating texts, images, and sounds instantly from any point.
Read MoreKorean War: Causes, Conflict, and Consequences
The Korean War (1950-1953)
Korea was formerly a possession of Imperial Japan in the 19th century. After 1945, the southern part of the peninsula was occupied by American allies, and the northern part by the Red Army, allied with the Chinese army. The border was divided by the 38th parallel. The Communist victory in China in October 1949 clearly threatened U.S. hegemony in Asia, mirroring the Communist expansion in Europe. The U.S. aimed to make Japan the “Germany of Asia,” a capitalist frontier against
Read MoreUnderstanding Muscle Contraction Types, Strength, and Fatigue
Types of Muscle Contraction
Isotonic Contractions
Isotonic contractions occur when muscle fibers contract and change length. They are divided into two types:
Concentric Contractions
A concentric contraction happens when a muscle develops enough tension to overcome resistance, causing it to shorten and move a body part against that resistance.
Eccentric Contractions
An eccentric contraction occurs when the resistance is greater than the tension exerted by the muscle, causing the muscle to lengthen under
Read MoreUnderstanding Classical Physics Limitations and Modern Concepts
Limitations of Classical Physics
Classical mechanics, based on Galilean transformations and Newton’s equations, faced challenges with Maxwell’s equations. These equations confirmed the wave nature of light and allowed for the calculation of its speed in a vacuum, leading to comparisons between light and sound waves.
Characteristics of Sound
- Requires a medium to propagate.
- Propagates at a steady pace with respect to the medium.
- Velocity can be found using the formula for the addition of velocities.