Logical Positivism, Falsificationism & Modern Science Critiques

Logical positivism and falsificationism are two influential philosophies of science that attempt to define how scientific knowledge is formed and validated.


Logical Positivism

Logical positivism (also called logical empiricism) emerged in the early 20th century, primarily associated with the Vienna Circle, a group of philosophers and scientists. It aimed to establish a rigorous, scientific approach to knowledge by emphasizing verification through experience and logic.

Core Principles

  1. Verification Principle
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Workplace Safety Signals and Essential First Aid Procedures

Signaling Safety

Health and safety signaling refers to an object, activity, or specific situation. It provides an indication or obligation related to safety or health at work through a panel sign, a color, a light or acoustic signal, or gestural or verbal communication signals, as appropriate.

Usage Requirements (Royal Decree 486/97)

The height and placement of signs should be determined in relation to the visual angle and the location. The signal lights must be placed where they can be easily seen.

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Spanish Industrial History and Regional Dynamics

Evolution of the Spanish Industrialization Process

Delayed Start: 1855-1900

The beginning of Spanish industrialization between 1855 and 1900 occurred later than in other Western European countries due to several factors:

  1. Spain had a limited supply of certain essential raw materials and energy resources.
  2. Industrial investment was insufficient.
  3. There was a lack of strong entrepreneurship.
  4. Significant technological backwardness existed.
  5. The external situation was unfavorable (e.g., loss of colonies, instability)
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Fundamental Fluid Mechanics Concepts and Definitions

Pascal’s Principle

When pressure is exerted on a liquid in equilibrium, this pressure is transmitted equally to all molecules throughout the fluid.

Turbulent Flow Regime

Characterized by unequal particle movement, where particles collide with each other and against the walls of the conductive element, bouncing off and losing energy.

Full Contraction in a Hole

Liquid streams (fillets) occupy the periphery of a hole and come close to the interior zones. They slide along the walls and have a very strong

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Captain Alatriste: Danger and Intrigue in 17th Century Madrid

Captain Alatriste: Madrid Intrigues and Encounters

IV. The Ambush

It was time to end the lives of the Englishmen. On a Friday in March, late at night, a dim light illuminated the place chosen for the ambush. The wait seemed interminable, but the time finally came. Alatriste and the Italian assassin Malatesta launched themselves upon the Englishmen. Malatesta was about to deliver the mortal blow to one of them but was prevented by Alatriste. He saved the Englishman’s life, disobeying the orders of

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Microscopy History, Sample Prep, and Cell Types

History of Optical Microscopy

Key Milestones

  • 1611: Johannes Kepler suggests methods for constructing a compound microscope.
  • 1655: Robert Hooke publishes Micrographia, introducing the concept of the biological ‘cell’.
  • Mid-17th Century: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek builds over 200 simple microscopes (single high-magnification lenses, up to 270x).
  • Early 19th Century: Giovanni Battista Amici makes significant improvements by correcting spherical and chromatic aberrations in lenses.
  • Late 19th Century: Ernst Abbe
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Logic: Categorical Propositions & Syllogisms Explained

Categorical Propositions and Syllogisms

What is a Categorical Proposition?

A Categorical Proposition contains a subject and a predicate, asserting that some or all of the members of the subject class are included in or excluded from the predicate class.

Example Premise Set:

  1. Whales are mammals.
  2. All mammals breathe by means of lungs.
  3. Therefore, whales breathe by means of lungs.

Categorical Syllogism

A Categorical Syllogism is a deductive argument consisting of three categorical propositions: two premises

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Competency Portfolios in University Education

Understanding the Learning Portfolio

The portfolio is a personal document, promoted by the European Consensus, in which the user or student learning a language—either within a school context or outside of it—can record their learning experiences, reflect on them, and self-assess using the objective parameters of the European Framework for Languages.

University Competency Portfolio Implementation

The dynamics of using portfolios for competencies at the university level would generally follow these

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Healthcare & Disability Benefits in Spain

Healthcare Beneficiaries in Spain

  • Workers in the general scheme, members, and those in an equivalent situation.
  • Pensioners and recipients of regular benefits.
  • Dependents of the above (spouse, descendant, parent…) if living with the holder and their dependents, and not performing any paid work exceeding double the IREM.
  • Nationals of EU member states and those to whom the EU scheme applies.
  • Foreigners who reside in Spain with a residence card.

What is Covered?

  • Common illness or disease
  • Accident at work
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Nietzsche’s Philosophy: Truth, Morality, and the Superman

Nietzsche’s Critique of Truth and Morality

Nietzsche proposes a critical history, condemning elements that hinder our performance. He argues that truth is a lie originating in language, which, as a social construct, defines what is considered true and false.

The origin of language and knowledge lies in the imagination. The mind creates metaphors, analogies, and models that are then taken as truth. This truth becomes a comfortable lie, accepted by all.

Nietzsche views the human being as precarious,

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