Spain’s Liberal Triennium (1820-1823): A Period of Constitutional Rule

Spain’s Liberal Triennium (1820-1823)

Ferdinand VII’s Reign: Three Distinct Periods

The reign of Ferdinand VII is marked by three distinct periods:

  1. Six years of absolutism (1814-1820), from his return from France until the revolution of 1820.
  2. The Liberal Triennium (1820-1823), a period of constitutional rule ending with the intervention of the Hundred Thousand Sons of St. Louis.
  3. The Ominous Decade (1823-1833), a return to absolutism lasting until Ferdinand VII’s death.

Absolutism and the Return of Ferdinand

Read More

Understanding Knowledge: Epistemology, Language, and Reality

Item 3: Truth and Reality

1. Knowledge

Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that deals with the analysis of knowledge. It seeks to determine its origin, the methods for obtaining it, and the limits of what we can know.

The concept of knowledge:

To approach its definition, we can compare it with similar concepts:

  • Opinion: Subjective findings. It is usually an assessment of reality or how it should be, based on our interests and beliefs. Opinions are not usually supported by strong reasons.
  • Belief:
Read More

Understanding Purpose of Law: Characteristics and Elements

Understanding the Purpose of Law

Key Characteristics of Law

  1. Generality: Law applies universally, not to specific individuals.
  2. Imperative: Law commands actions and prohibits others, without suggestion or invitation.
  3. Alterity: Law governs relationships between two or more parties, existing within society. Law and society are interconnected; one cannot exist without the other.
  4. Coercibility: Law can be enforced by force if necessary.

Characteristics of Fundamental Rights

Human rights are subjective rights

Read More

Aristotle’s Key Concepts: Nature, Power, Cause, and Happiness

Aristotle’s Key Concepts

Nature. Aristotle defined nature as “the substance of things that have the principle of motion within themselves.” It is the principle and cause of motion and rest in natural beings. It encompasses the totality of beings, the very existence of things, and their essence. Nature is specific and characteristic of a being, determined by its ability to change, transform, or remain at rest. This term combines the concepts of nature (what nature would be like without the possibility

Read More

Atmosphere: Composition, Structure, and Climate Dynamics

Atmospheric Composition

The atmosphere consists of major and minor constituents, including reagents and non-variable elements.

Structure and Function of the Atmosphere

The sun emits ultraviolet, visible, and infrared electromagnetic radiation (shortwave, visible, and longwave). Radiation from the center of the spectrum penetrates atmospheric layers most easily, primarily as visible light. Short wavelengths have high energy and penetrating power. Longer wavelengths are emitted by the Earth and used

Read More

Delacroix’s Liberty Leading the People: Art Analysis

The Art of Dating and the Avant-Garde

The art of the 19th century saw two trends: Goya, leading to the avant-garde. According to Calvo Serraller, the avant-garde was a movement that appeared in the last third of the nineteenth century based on thematic, aesthetic, and plastic breaks.

Art tended to have an academic trend (like Goya), a transgressive trend, and was withheld from reality.

Movements of the 19th Century

Romanticism

Romanticism was a literary, political, artistic, and cultural movement beginning

Read More

Spanish Baroque Sculpture: Fernández, Montañés, and Salzillo

The Castilian School

The most prominent figure is Gregorio Fernández, an author of Galician origin who worked in Valladolid. He was the creator of highly successful iconographic types, such as the Reclining Christ, the Crucified Christ, and Immaculate Conceptions.

Features of his work include high pathos and excessive naturalism, achieved through artificial crystal tears, hairs, wounds, and dripping blood.

Notable works include the Altarpiece of the Cathedral of Plasencia and the Baptism of Christ.

Read More

Mastering Argumentation: Text Structure, Pronouns, and Verb Forms

Argumentation Essentials: Text Structure and Grammatical Elements

No Verbal Predicate

Its nucleus is an adjective or adverb.

Rating

Trick or adjective.

Adverbial

Adverb.

Arguments in Text

The purpose is to persuade the reader about an idea or point of view. This unfolds by presenting a number of reasons, called arguments, that support the hypothesis. The aim is to make the hypothesis seem consistent and acceptable, convincing the receiver of its truth.

Resources Used in Argumentation

  • Analogy: A comparison
Read More

Enhancing Company Organization: A Quality-Focused Approach

Quality of Company Organization

The main objective of a company should be the quality of its products and services. To achieve this, it must organize the human and technical factors affecting this objective. These factors are controlled so that, based on customer needs, we can reduce, prevent, and, if possible, eliminate the deficiencies that affect our quality process.

Company Organization

A company must be organized following a policy of independence in the following functional areas. Therefore,

Read More

Key Concepts in Sociology: A Comprehensive Collection

Key Concepts in Sociology

Sociological Approaches and Methods

The Sociological Approach

Systematic approach to studying society and social interactions.

Measuring Alienation

Amiko’s method: Operationalized measurement of alienation.

Capitalism and Exploitation

Marx’s argument: Capitalism operates by exploiting workers and reinvesting the surplus.

Suicide and Social Connection

Durkheim’s study: Suicide rates were higher for populations that were less socially connected.

Symbolic Interactionism

Weber’s verstehen

Read More