Spain’s Liberal Triennium (1820-1823): A Period of Constitutional Rule
Spain’s Liberal Triennium (1820-1823)
Ferdinand VII’s Reign: Three Distinct Periods
The reign of Ferdinand VII is marked by three distinct periods:
- Six years of absolutism (1814-1820), from his return from France until the revolution of 1820.
- The Liberal Triennium (1820-1823), a period of constitutional rule ending with the intervention of the Hundred Thousand Sons of St. Louis.
- The Ominous Decade (1823-1833), a return to absolutism lasting until Ferdinand VII’s death.
Absolutism and the Return of Ferdinand
Read MoreUnderstanding Knowledge: Epistemology, Language, and Reality
Item 3: Truth and Reality
1. Knowledge
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that deals with the analysis of knowledge. It seeks to determine its origin, the methods for obtaining it, and the limits of what we can know.
The concept of knowledge:
To approach its definition, we can compare it with similar concepts:
- Opinion: Subjective findings. It is usually an assessment of reality or how it should be, based on our interests and beliefs. Opinions are not usually supported by strong reasons.
- Belief:
Understanding Purpose of Law: Characteristics and Elements
Understanding the Purpose of Law
Key Characteristics of Law
- Generality: Law applies universally, not to specific individuals.
- Imperative: Law commands actions and prohibits others, without suggestion or invitation.
- Alterity: Law governs relationships between two or more parties, existing within society. Law and society are interconnected; one cannot exist without the other.
- Coercibility: Law can be enforced by force if necessary.
Characteristics of Fundamental Rights
Human rights are subjective rights
Read MoreAristotle’s Key Concepts: Nature, Power, Cause, and Happiness
Aristotle’s Key Concepts
Nature. Aristotle defined nature as “the substance of things that have the principle of motion within themselves.” It is the principle and cause of motion and rest in natural beings. It encompasses the totality of beings, the very existence of things, and their essence. Nature is specific and characteristic of a being, determined by its ability to change, transform, or remain at rest. This term combines the concepts of nature (what nature would be like without the possibility
Read MoreAtmosphere: Composition, Structure, and Climate Dynamics
Atmospheric Composition
The atmosphere consists of major and minor constituents, including reagents and non-variable elements.
Structure and Function of the Atmosphere
The sun emits ultraviolet, visible, and infrared electromagnetic radiation (shortwave, visible, and longwave). Radiation from the center of the spectrum penetrates atmospheric layers most easily, primarily as visible light. Short wavelengths have high energy and penetrating power. Longer wavelengths are emitted by the Earth and used
Read MoreDelacroix’s Liberty Leading the People: Art Analysis
The Art of Dating and the Avant-Garde
The art of the 19th century saw two trends: Goya, leading to the avant-garde. According to Calvo Serraller, the avant-garde was a movement that appeared in the last third of the nineteenth century based on thematic, aesthetic, and plastic breaks.
Art tended to have an academic trend (like Goya), a transgressive trend, and was withheld from reality.
Movements of the 19th Century
Romanticism
Romanticism was a literary, political, artistic, and cultural movement beginning
Read MoreSpanish Baroque Sculpture: Fernández, Montañés, and Salzillo
The Castilian School
The most prominent figure is Gregorio Fernández, an author of Galician origin who worked in Valladolid. He was the creator of highly successful iconographic types, such as the Reclining Christ, the Crucified Christ, and Immaculate Conceptions.
Features of his work include high pathos and excessive naturalism, achieved through artificial crystal tears, hairs, wounds, and dripping blood.
Notable works include the Altarpiece of the Cathedral of Plasencia and the Baptism of Christ.
Read MoreMastering Argumentation: Text Structure, Pronouns, and Verb Forms
Argumentation Essentials: Text Structure and Grammatical Elements
No Verbal Predicate
Its nucleus is an adjective or adverb.
Rating
Trick or adjective.
Adverbial
Adverb.
Arguments in Text
The purpose is to persuade the reader about an idea or point of view. This unfolds by presenting a number of reasons, called arguments, that support the hypothesis. The aim is to make the hypothesis seem consistent and acceptable, convincing the receiver of its truth.
Resources Used in Argumentation
- Analogy: A comparison
Enhancing Company Organization: A Quality-Focused Approach
Quality of Company Organization
The main objective of a company should be the quality of its products and services. To achieve this, it must organize the human and technical factors affecting this objective. These factors are controlled so that, based on customer needs, we can reduce, prevent, and, if possible, eliminate the deficiencies that affect our quality process.
Company Organization
A company must be organized following a policy of independence in the following functional areas. Therefore,
Read MoreKey Concepts in Sociology: A Comprehensive Collection
Key Concepts in Sociology
Sociological Approaches and Methods
The Sociological Approach
Systematic approach to studying society and social interactions.
Measuring Alienation
Amiko’s method: Operationalized measurement of alienation.
Capitalism and Exploitation
Marx’s argument: Capitalism operates by exploiting workers and reinvesting the surplus.
Suicide and Social Connection
Durkheim’s study: Suicide rates were higher for populations that were less socially connected.
Symbolic Interactionism
Weber’s verstehen
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