Key Terms in Agriculture, Environment, and Fisheries
Environmental and Fishing Terminology
- European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD): Funds rural development programs.
- Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Fisheries: Jurisdictional waters or the area over which a state has exclusive fishing rights.
- Biological Rest Periods: Temporary cessation of fishing in areas with overfishing problems to allow resources to recover.
- Noise Pollution: The presence of noise and vibrations in the environment that cause discomfort, risk, or harm to people, or which
Medieval Spanish Literature: From Epics to Prose
Historical and Cultural Context
The medieval period spanned from the 5th to the 15th century. Society was divided into three classes: the nobility, the clergy, and the common people. The monarchy required the support of the nobles for campaigns against the Arabs, and the territory was divided into various Christian kingdoms.
Culture was primarily confined to monasteries. Books were very scarce and were written by hand, leading to widespread illiteracy among the general population.
The medieval worldview
Read MoreTechnical Essentials: Water Types, Purification, and Energy Measurement
Common Types of Water
Water is categorized based on its source and treatment method:
- Tap Water: Typically treated for safety and potability by local municipalities.
- Mineral Water: Naturally sourced and contains minerals like calcium and magnesium.
- Spring Water: Comes from underground sources and may be untreated.
- Distilled Water: Purified through distillation, removing contaminants.
- Purified Water: Treated to remove impurities and often used in laboratories.
- Sparkling Water: Carbonated water with added
Luigi Ferrajoli’s Formal Definition of Fundamental Rights
Item I: Definition of Fundamental Rights
1. Ferrajoli’s Formal Definition
Luigi Ferrajoli proposes a theoretical definition, purely formal or structural, of fundamental rights. Fundamental rights are defined as all those subjective rights that are universally attributed to all human beings as endowed with the status of persons, citizens, or persons with capacity to act.
In this context, the key terms are defined as follows:
- Right: Any positive expectation (of performance) or negative expectation (no
Spain’s Path to Conflict: Dictatorship, Republic, and Civil War
Primo de Rivera’s Military Dictatorship (1923–1930)
By 1923, dissatisfaction with the Restoration Monarchy was widespread. General Miguel Primo de Rivera established a military dictatorship with the avowed aim of taking a break from political life to end corruption.
Stages of the Dictatorship
- Early Years: Initially, Primo de Rivera enjoyed some popularity, even within the workers’ movement. The protectorate in Morocco was pacified by a French-Spanish alliance in 1925.
- Maintaining Power: A strong economy
Ensemble Methods Comparison: Bagging, Boosting, and Stacking Techniques
Bagging Classifier Implementation
Base Model Performance
base_model = DecisionTreeClassifier(random_state=42)
base_model.fit(X_train, y_train)
y_pred_base = base_model.predict(X_test)
base_recall = recall_score(y_test, y_pred_base)
print("Recall del modelo base: {:.4f}".format(base_recall))Hyperparameter Tuning (Grid Search)
param_grid = {
"n_estimators": [10, 50, 100],
"max_samples": [0.5, 0.8, 1.0],
"max_features": [0.5, 0.8, 1.0],
"bootstrap": [True]
}
bagging = BaggingClassifier(Mercantilism: From Classical Empires to Modern Economic Nationalism
The Mercantilist and Economic Nationalist Perspective
1. What is Mercantilism? Definition and Core Perspective
- Mercantilism is a state-centered approach in International Political Economy (IPE).
- It views the economy as a tool for national power and security, not as a neutral system.
- It is based on the idea that international relations are a continuous power struggle.
- It assumes that the international economy is a zero-sum game: one state’s gain is another’s loss.
- Wealth is considered finite, so every
Semiconductor Devices: Fundamentals of Doping, Transistors, and Rectification
Doped Semiconductors and Energy Band Theory
Why Impure Semiconductors (Doping) Are Necessary
- Pure (intrinsic) Si/Ge have very low conductivity at room temperature.
- Doping adds controlled carriers, leading to practical conductivity and device action.
- n-type (Donors, 5 valence e⁻): Impurities like P, As, Sb create majority electrons.
- p-type (Acceptors, 3 valence e⁻): Impurities like B, Ga, In create majority holes.
- Doping is used to engineer essential devices like diodes, BJTs, JFETs, MOSFETs, and resistors.
Spanish Literary History: Journalism and Drama in the 20th Century
The Interplay of Literature and Journalism in Spain
The Press as a Vehicle for Cultural Transmission (Pre-1950)
The press was key to primary cultural transmission and the formation of political criteria. Writers utilized journals to disseminate their ideas, and newspapers published high-quality weekly literary supplements.
Key Figures in Early Literary Journalism
- Unamuno: Started writing in El Noticiero Bilbaíno and contributed to many newspapers. His most famous work was published as a series of twelve
Discourse Analysis: Utterance, Mediation, and Genre Components
The Three Gates of Communication and Discourse Analysis
Gate 1: Utterance, Message, and Reception Dynamics
The utterance is the time when the sender is encoding a message and transmitting it. Utterance and reception become inseparable; they cannot exist without each other.
Discourse (or Speech) is the result of a particular utterance; it is determined, unique, and unrepeatable. However, the utterance may remain even if the issuer is no longer present.
The message is understood as “what was transmitted.
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