Core Concepts in Cognitive Psychology and Learning Theories
Working Memory: Concepts and Characteristics
Working memory is a memory buffer that allows us to retain and manipulate information temporarily, as part of a broad range of essential cognitive tasks such as learning, reasoning, and understanding.
Working Memory Capacity (Memory Span)
Memory span refers to the ability to verbally repeat a sequence of stimuli (such as digits or nonsense syllables).
Factors Affecting Memory Span
- Auditory presentation tends to produce better memory recall than visual presentation.
Global Marketing Mix, Pricing Strategies, and Expatriate Success
4 Elements of the Promotional Mix
Personal Selling
- 1-to-1 communication.
- Most effective element of the promotional mix because you can adapt the message to fit customers’ needs.
- The seller can ask questions and probe the consumer in order to adapt.
- Used for high-volume products (e.g., houses).
- Disadvantages:
- Time consuming.
- Difficult to do well; requires skill by the seller.
Advertising
- Communication using mass media which requires payment.
- Advantages:
- Reaches a large number of people simultaneously with
Establishing the Second Spanish Republic: 1930-1933 Reforms
The End of the Dictatorship and the Republic’s Proclamation
Following Primo de Rivera’s resignation, the return to the previous regime’s dictatorship was impossible for three reasons:
- The dynastic parties had lost their organizational structure and were discredited.
- The monarch was unpopular, because public opinion compared his figure unfavorably to that of the dictator.
- The anti-dynastic forces took a united initiative, which culminated in the Pact of San Sebastián (1930).
Republicanism until 1931
Read MoreModern Educational Strategies: Gamification, Motivation, and Blended Learning
Gamification in Education: Boosting Engagement
Nowadays, using gamification is becoming increasingly common in the field of education. It refers to applying game-like components in learning settings. This approach is useful because it boosts motivation and makes learning experiences more enjoyable.
When educators apply gamification in the classroom, they use rewards such as scores, awards, stages, and tasks. These elements make the learning process more engaging and fun. For example, learners might
Read MoreDefining Human Action, Labor, and Technological Risk
The Nature of Human Action
The human being knows and is intelligent, but also acts. Precisely through intelligence, we feel the need to react to different alternatives. Action can be defined as the capacity to imagine, organize, plan, and realize desires, projects, plans, and intentions.
Defining Traits of Human Action
Three traits define human action:
- Intentionality: Aristotle understood the way the subject acts, moving towards the external world as reality. Two modes are directed towards the object:
Processor Pipelining: Hazards, Solutions, and Parallel Architectures
Understanding Pipeline Hazards
There are three main types of pipeline hazards that can occur in a pipelined processor:
1. Structural Hazards
Structural hazards occur when there is a conflict in accessing a shared resource, such as a memory location or a functional unit, by multiple instructions in the pipeline at the same time. This can happen when two instructions require the use of the same resource simultaneously. Structural hazards can lead to pipeline stalls or incorrect results if not properly
Read MoreFundamentals of Computer Graphics: Concepts and Applications
Major Applications of Computer Graphics
- Entertainment and Media: Used in movies, animation, video games, and visual effects to create realistic or fantastical scenes.
- Computer-Aided Design (CAD): Employed by architects, engineers, and designers to create precise technical drawings and 3D models of buildings, vehicles, and machinery.
- Medical Imaging: Helps visualize complex structures of the human body through techniques like MRI, CT scans, and 3D reconstructions.
- Scientific Visualization: Used to graphically
Biotechnology: The Affordable Solution for Carbon Removal
The Cost-Effectiveness of Biotechnology
Biotechnology is generally a more affordable carbon removal method than Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS).
Biochar vs. Direct Air Capture (DAC)
For example, biochar, a carbon-rich substance derived from plant matter, costs only $80 to absorb one tonne of CO₂. Its low cost is attributed to low energy requirements and technological maturity.
In contrast, Direct Air Capture (DAC), a leading CCS method, costs up to $600 per tonne—making it 7.5 times more expensive.
Read MoreVolleyball and Handball: Essential Rules and Game History
Volleyball: History and Origins
Games similar to volleyball have probably been played since the earliest of times. In Greece, 2,000 years ago, young men played episkyros and phaininda, using various types of balls.
Modern volleyball was invented in 1895 in Massachusetts, drawing inspiration from other sports. It originally incorporated:
- The action of batting the ball from baseball.
- Passes hit with the hand from handball.
- The net from tennis.
- The ball’s inner bladder from basketball.
During World War I,
Read MoreCommercial Fishing Methods, Scale, and Maritime Law Zones
Fishing Operations: Scale and Scope
1. Types of Fishing Operations
Inshore Fishing (Bajura)
This is done by small boats near the coast. Operations generally last several hours. The catch is usually sold in the local market. Fishing occurs without losing sight of the coast.
Deep-Sea Fishing (Altura)
This is carried out by medium-sized boats. The activity can last for days or even weeks. It involves deep-sea fishing, often without sight of the coast, sometimes up to about 2,000 km from the coast. The catches