Understanding Trade and Distribution Channels in Spain
Tema 8: Trade and Commerce
1.1 Trade: Production and Consumption Exchange
Increasing the volume of production and consumption implies a very active exchange of goods and services. This exchange is called trade. Specific markets exist where products are exposed, alongside abstract markets like stock exchanges.
Notes on Modern Trade: Today’s trade is complex, characterized by strong demand concentration, increasing specialization, trading of diverse products, global activity, and the creation of specialized
Read MoreRetail Management Strategies & Store Operations
Retail Management Essentials
Retail 1: Distribution & Store Fundamentals
Modes of Retail Distribution
- Retail (Direct Channel)
- Wholesale (Indirect Channel)
- E-commerce
- Omnichannel Distribution
The Pivotal Role of Physical Stores
The store plays a fundamental role in the creation of the customer experience journey. It is nowadays considered a real temple for the company, where brands communicate values and provide experiences.
ROPO: Research Online, Purchase Offline
It reflects today’s customer preference:
Read MoreSmart Shopping for Authentic Local Treasures
Discover how to find the best deals on unique local items and souvenirs during your travels. This information will help you make informed purchasing decisions and save money while acquiring authentic products.
Top Local Items & Crafts
Handcrafted Wooden Statues
At tourist shops, these statues typically cost around 25,000 CLP each. However, you can find a significantly better deal at local markets, where they are available for approximately 20,000 CLP.
Local Wine
A bottle of local wine in supermarkets
Climate Change & Biodiversity Loss: Interconnected Global Threats
Both biodiversity loss and climate change represent critical environmental challenges with severe implications for human societies. While deeply interconnected, the question of which poses a more immediate threat is often debated. Nevertheless, both climate change and biodiversity loss should not be underestimated, as they can lead to systemic collapses in the ecosystem services that societies heavily depend on.
Understanding Biodiversity Loss
Biodiversity loss refers to the reduction in the variety
Read MoreEssential HR Manager Functions & Skills
HR Manager Responsibilities
1. Recruitment and Onboarding
- Utilize Technology
- Implement Formal Mentorship and Coaching
- Facilitate Socialization Opportunities
2. Tracking Employee Leave and Attendance
3. Processing Salaries and Remuneration
4. Defining Workplace Policies
5. Organizational Structure and Planning
6. 360-Degree Performance Management with HR Analytics
- Collect Feedback
- Make Feedback Helpful
- Analyze Results
- Support Growth
- Conduct Ongoing Reviews
7. Training and Development
- Assessing Training Needs
- Setting
Understanding Business Intelligence, Big Data, and Analytics
Business Intelligence Fundamentals
What is Business Intelligence?
Business Intelligence (BI) refers to the technologies, strategies, and practices used to collect, integrate, analyze, and present business information to support decision-making.
How BI Works
BI works by gathering data from multiple sources, processing it into meaningful insights, and presenting it through reports, dashboards, and visualizations to help businesses make informed decisions.
Core Components of BI
- Data Collection: Gathering
Animal Reproduction and Embryonic Development
Animal Reproduction: Gamete Formation
Reproductive systems are essential for gamete formation. They consist of gonads (testes and ovaries) and accessory sex organs. In hermaphrodites, ovotestes are present. In insects, the seminal receptacle stores sperm, which is released when the female expels ovules.
Gamete Formation (Gametogenesis)
Gamete formation, or gametogenesis, involves several phases:
- Proliferation: Stem cells divide by successive mitosis to form diploid (2n) future spermatogonia and oogonia.
Market Structures: Competition, Monopoly, Oligopoly, Monopolistic
Perfect Competition: Market Fundamentals
Perfect competition is a theoretical market structure in which the following criteria are met: All firms sell an identical product (the product is a “commodity” or “homogeneous”). All firms are price takers (they cannot influence the market price of their product). Market share has no influence on prices.
Key Characteristics of Perfect Competition
- Sellers: Typically small to medium-sized firms.
- Consumers: Have many different options and extensive information
Remote Sensing Fundamentals: Concepts & Image Interpretation
Passive vs. Active Remote Sensing
Remote sensing is the science of obtaining information about objects or areas from a distance, typically from aircraft or satellites. It is broadly classified into two types: passive and active remote sensing, based on how the sensors acquire data.
Passive Remote Sensing
Passive remote sensing relies on natural energy, usually sunlight, to detect and capture information. Sensors in this system measure the reflected sunlight or emitted thermal radiation from the Earth’s
Read MoreCorporate Communication: Strategy, Public Relations, and Influence
The Practice of Corporate Communication
This section covers the importance of strategy in communication, communication programs and plans, and the industry of Corporate Communication and Public Relations.
Theory of Corporate Communication: Key Concepts
Related concepts and elements include:
- Propaganda
- Public Relations
- Corporate Communication
Understanding the Legitimacy Gap
The legitimacy gap represents the perceived difference between an institution’s performance and a society’s expectations for right
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