Bioenergetics: Free Energy, ATP Hydrolysis, and Metabolic Pathways
Cellular Bioenergetics and Thermodynamics
Physical systems of the universe are governed by the laws of thermodynamics, tending always towards greater disorder (entropy).
The cell utilizes energy from its environment to perform vital functions, releasing equivalent amounts as heat or other forms of energy that contribute to the increased disorder of the universe.
Free Energy and the Laws of Thermodynamics
Free Energy: It is a form of energy capable of doing useful work under constant conditions of
Read MoreByzantine Mosaics: Iconography, Imperial Power, and the Golden Ages
Characteristics of Byzantine Iconography
The figures show a certain rigidity and monotony, but are very expressive in their symbolism, displaying an obvious disregard for the laws of nature and space. They are elongated and suggest a certain dehumanization.
The Iconographic Program (Hermeneia)
The new iconographic types symbolically suit a preset program (the Hermeneia), assigned to different parts of the temple:
- The Pantocrator (Christ in Majesty blessing) in the dome.
- The Tetramorph (four evangelists)
Political Power, Legitimacy, and Democratic Systems
The Concept of Political Power
Power is defined as the ability to be obeyed by those involved in social relationships.
Max Weber, an important sociologist, believed that in a social relationship, power is what allows an individual to fulfill their own will. According to Weber, power is having capacity.
Sources of Political Legitimacy
Political legitimacy, or the justification for power, can stem from various sources:
- Force
- Persuasion
- Tradition
- Charisma
- Money
- Skills
- Knowledge
- Rationality
Weber’s Three Types of
Read MoreEnglish Verb Tense Practice and Irregular Verb Forms
Section 1: Mixed Tenses Practice
- It isn’t raining
- was waiting / arrived
- I am getting
- do you do
- was the car doing
- Phoned / didn’t phone
- Were thinking / decided
- Is happening
- Doesn’t rain
- Rang / were having
- went / was studying / didn’t want / didn’t stay
- told / didn’t believe / thought / was joking
Section 2: Tense Forms
- didn’t go
- is wearing
- has grown
- haven’t decided
- is being
- wasn’t reading
- didn’t have
- is beginning
- Found
- wasn’t
- you have been
- I have been doing
- Did she go
- I have been playing
- Do you come
- Since I saw her
- for 20 years
Section
Read MoreJava Array Fundamentals: Syntax, Indexing, and Code Examples
Java Array Fundamentals: Core Concepts and Syntax
Array Properties and Declaration
Fixed Size Property
Once an array is created, its size is fixed.
Valid Array Declarations (int values)
Which of the following are correct ways to declare an array of int values?
int[] a;int a[];
Valid Array Declarations (Mixed Types)
Which of the following statements are valid?
double d[] = new double[30];int[] i = {3, 4, 3, 2};
Incorrect Array Declarations and Initializations
Which of the following declarations or initializations
Read MoreGrammatical Functions and Sentence Structure in Spanish Syntax
Syntactic Phrases and Their Structure
A phrase (or syntagma) is a sequence of words arranged around a nucleus, functioning as a specific unit within a sentence. It is the specific name given to the whole unit.
Types of Phrases
- Noun Phrase (NP): Structure: Determinant + Core + (Complements).
- Prepositional Phrase (PP): Structure: Preposition + (Determinant) + Subordinated Syntagma/Clause.
- Adjectival Phrase (AdjP): Structure: (Quantifier/Degree of Intensity) + Adjective + Complement.
- Adverbial Phrase (AdvP)
David Hume’s Empiricism: Context and Critique of Causality
David Hume: Biography and Historical Setting
Hume was born in Edinburgh in 1711 and died in 1776.
Historical Context
England after the Revolution of 1688
- The Revolution established bourgeois parliamentary democracy and the supremacy of Parliament.
- Intervention of the people in the laws, rights, and political liberties.
- Economic and religious freedom: Abolition of monopolies.
- England becomes the first economic, industrial, and capitalist power.
Pre-Revolutionary France
- “Enlightened Despotism”: “All
Langston Hughes’ “Ballad of the Landlord”: Analysis of Racial Injustice
Ballad of the Landlord (Langston Hughes)
1. Literal Comprehension
This poem is a ballad that depicts racial discrimination between white and Black people in America. The writer is a Black tenant living in the house of a cruel white landlord. The house is in poor condition, but the landlord demands expensive rent. The tenant complains about the leaking roof and broken steps. He wonders why the landlord does not fall while coming up. The landlord ignores the complaint. He forces the tenant to pay the
Read MoreCore Concepts in International Relations Theory and Global Politics
Fundamental Concepts in Political Theory
Polarity
The state of having two opposite or contradictory tendencies, opinions, or aspects.
Absolute Gains
A measure of the total effect of an action, comprising power, security, economic, and cultural effects.
Relative Gains
The actions of states considered only in respect to power balances, without regard to other factors.
Third Party Regimes
A person or group besides the two primarily involved in a situation, or a political party organized as an alternative to
Read MoreThe End of the Cold War, Decolonization, and Spain (1939-1991)
Theme 7: The End of the Cold War (1968–1991)
Détente (1968–1979)
- The Détente period marked a reduction in tensions between the USA and the USSR, although communist influence continued to spread in Latin America and Africa.
- The 1973 Oil Crisis caused a global economic downturn as oil prices rose dramatically, leading to inflation and economic restructuring.
Renewed Conflict (1979–1985)
- The Cold War escalated again in the late 1970s and early 1980s.
- Ronald Reagan, US President from 1981 to 1989,