Spain Under Franco: A Regime’s Evolution (1939-1975)
Franco’s Rule in Spain (1939-1975)
Overview
The Franco dictatorship spanned 1939-1975, with Franco maintaining power for 36 years, partly due to American support aimed at combating communism and establishing military bases in Spain. The dictatorship originated from Franco’s victory in the Spanish Civil War, coinciding with the Cold War and the US-Soviet rivalry. Franco held absolute power, controlling all branches of government as Head of State, Generalissimo of the Army, and Leader of the National
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Socio-Economic-Political Context
World War I (1914-1918)
The Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Turkey) clashed with the Allies (France, Great Britain, Russia, UK). Sparked by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary in Sarajevo, the war stemmed from Germany’s desire for European and colonial dominance. Germany declared war on France and Russia in August 1914, invading Belgium, and prompting declarations of war from Japan and England. Trench warfare dominated
Read MoreHuman Being: A Philosophical and Historical Perspective
Socialization and Culture
Socialization is the process by which an individual acquires the rules of conduct, prevailing values, and culture of a particular social group. This process, of variable length, focuses on the early years when learning by imitation is prominent. Following this, the individual is integrated into education.
A society is a set of individuals who share customs, conduct, and culture, and who interact with each other to form a group or community.
Culture refers to the patterns
Read MoreSedimentary Rocks and Processes: Formation, Types, and Environments
Sedimentary Rocks and Processes
Sediment Types
1. Terrigenous (Clastic) Sediments: Formed from mineral or rock fragments (clasts). Characterized by grain size, shape, and sorting.
2. Chemical Sediments: Formed from dissolved materials transported and deposited by chemical precipitation or biochemical processes.
Sedimentation
1. Mechanical/Physical Sedimentation: Occurs when materials are transported in a solid state.
2. Chemical/Biochemical Sedimentation: Occurs when dissolved materials undergo chemical
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Spain’s Transition to Democracy: From Franco to 1978 Constitution
The Death of Franco and the Dawn of Reform
On November 20, 1975, Franco died, and Prince Juan Carlos was sworn in as King two days later. The government, chaired by Carlos Arias Navarro, saw significant changes with the inclusion of reformers like Fraga (Interior), Areilza (Foreign Affairs), and Garrigues (Justice). The 1973 oil crisis further fueled the desire for reform. The appointment of Torcuato Fernandez Miranda as president of
Read MoreSpain’s Morphostructural Units: A Geological Overview
Morphostructural Unit Types
Large-Scale Continental Relief Units
Paleozoic Orogenic Materials: These are plains formed in the primary era as a result of erosion of mountain ranges. The materials are siliceous rocks such as granite, slate, quartzite, and schist. These are very rigid, prone to fracturing rather than bending. The oldest mountains were formed in the Tertiary by the rise of a new block due to Alpine orogenic movements. These mountains have rounded peaks and are found in the inner mountain
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Niyama (Self-Purification & Study)
Rules of Conduct
These rules govern personal interactions and our inner world. There are five types:
- Saucha (Purity): Implies both external and internal purity. Water purifies the body, truthfulness the mind, and true knowledge the intellect. The soul is purified by knowledge and austerity. This advocates for intellectual, speech, and bodily purity, aiming to remove all impurities from the body.
- Santosha (Contentment): Described as not desiring more than what
Understanding Behavior, Motivation, and the Nervous System
Understanding Behavior and Motivation
Characteristics of Motivated Behavior
Motivation is a broad psychological concept used to understand the conditions or states that energize the body and lead to goal-directed behavior. It’s difficult to think of any behavior, animal or human, that isn’t motivated in this sense.
Motivated behavior is characterized by its direction towards goals and its purposeful nature. The reasons behind these behaviors can differ along several dimensions, including:
- Internal
Telecommunication Evolution: From Telegraph to Internet
Telecommunication: Bridging Distances Through Technology
Information and Communication
Information is the processed data that provides knowledge. Communication is the process of transmitting information between a sender and a receiver, which can be unidirectional or bidirectional (e.g., reading, watching TV). The communication process involves:
- Issuer: The source of information.
- Message: The data or information itself.
- Code: The representation of the information.
- Channel: The medium through which information
Spain’s Transformation (1833-1843): From Regency to Reign
The death of Fernando VII in 1833 ushered in a transformative period in Spanish history, marked by evolving political, economic, social, and cultural landscapes. During the reign of his daughter, Isabel II (Elizabeth II), Spain transitioned from the Old Regime to bourgeois liberalism. A constitutional monarchy, grounded in liberal principles, was established, laying the foundation for a capitalist economy and a new class-based society, replacing the old estates system.
Unlike other European nations
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