David Hume: Causation, Substance, Morality, and Society
Hume on Causation, Substance, and Morality
An idea will be true if it comes from an impression, but it can also be a fiction. Thus, knowledge is limited to our impressions and ideas. The cause-effect relation is based on experience. We can never find in it a necessary connection between the facts, but only that an event (cause) is regularly followed by another (effect). The necessary connection would imply that this relationship would always hold, but this cannot be guaranteed.
Hume applied his analysis
Read MoreIFRS Financial Reporting: Concepts and Statements
What is Financial Reporting?
Financial Accounting (narrow): bookkeeping: records transactions.
Financial Reporting (wide): a rules-based system designed to communicate a company’s financial position and performance to users.
Core Steps of Financial Reporting
- Identification – determining what happened.
- Measurement – quantifying the financial impact.
- Communication – reporting results to users.
Objective of Financial Reporting
Provide useful financial information to primary users:
- Existing and potential
Market Structures: Monopoly and Competition Analysis
Monopoly Market Structure: Key Concepts
What is *not* a barrier to entry in a monopolized market?
Answer: A single firm is very large.
Definition of a Natural Monopoly
A firm whose average total cost continually declines at least to the quantity that could supply the entire market is known as a natural monopoly.
Marginal Revenue for a Monopolist
When a monopolist produces an additional unit, the marginal revenue generated by that unit must be below the price because the price effect outweighs the output
The Irish Question: Conflict and Nationalism (1171–1900)
The Irish Question: Origins and Early History
Myth and Early Society
Irish myths suggest that Ireland was a chaste Emerald Isle ravished by the brutal Saxon. The “Irish Race” was defined by the division between Celtic and Anglo-Irish populations. During the High Kingship of Tara, Ireland was known for its missionary schools and scholasticism, though it was also a victim of Viking Raids.
The Anglo-Norman Conquest (12th Century)
The Anglo-Norman conquest followed William the Conqueror’s arrival in
Read MoreStrategic Brand Impact: P&G, Burger King, and KFC Cases
1. P&G – “The Look” Campaign Analysis
This campaign is not trying to sell a product. It’s trying to change how people think and feel. That means it fits under institutional advertising, advocacy advertising, and cause marketing. It deals with brand image, emotion-based positioning, and public relations, even though it’s structured like a paid ad.
What makes this ad powerful is that it uses emotional appeal (especially empathy and discomfort) to engage viewers. It doesn’t have a slogan
Read MoreDeep Learning for Audio and Speech Processing
Motivation for Deep Learning in Audio Processing
Why DL4ASP? Why use deep learning to analyze audio and speech? An audio file or stream consists of two main parts:
- Header: Contains metadata such as the file name, path, number of channels, sample frequency, and duration.
- Content: The actual sound data. It is unstructured binary data (0s and 1s). Without analysis, we do not know if it is music or voice; to understand the sound, you have to listen to it all.
The content is raw and complex, motivating the
Read MoreSales and Distribution Management Strategies
Functions of a Distributor
Inventory Management and Warehousing: The distributor purchases products in bulk from manufacturers and holds the inventory in their own warehouses. This function ensures products are consistently available to retailers, balancing supply with fluctuating market demand and reducing the storage burden on the manufacturer.
Logistics and Transportation: They manage the physical movement of goods, organizing transportation from the manufacturer to their warehouse, and then to
Read MoreScaling Success: Growth Strategies for Entrepreneurs
Defining Growth in Entrepreneurship
In the context of an entrepreneurial venture, Growth is defined as the sustained expansion of a company’s operations, revenue, market share, customer base, and overall organizational capacity over time.
It signifies the successful transition from the initial startup phase (focused on survival and product-market fit) to a more mature phase focused on scalability and sustainable profitability.
Key Metrics for Measuring Growth
Growth can be measured using various metrics,
Read MoreEssential Statistics Concepts and Formulas
Fundamental Statistical Definitions
1. Define Mean: Mean is the average. It is calculated as the Sum of all values ÷ Number of values.
2. Find Mean of First Ten Natural Numbers: The first 10 natural numbers are 1 to 10. The sum is 55. Mean = 55 ÷ 10 = 5.5.
3. Define Median: The Median is the middle value when data is arranged in ascending or descending order.
4. Find Median of First Ten Even Numbers: The first 10 even numbers are 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20. For an even count (10 values), the
Read MoreUS Government Structure and Political Accountability Mechanisms
Unit 2: American Government Institutions
I. The Judiciary
Constitutional Basis and Federal Courts
Article III establishes the Supreme Court and grants Congress power to create lower federal (inferior) courts.
Federal judges hold their offices “during good behavior” (lifetime tenure).
Structure of the Federal Judicial System
It is a three-tiered system:
- District Courts (trial courts)
- Courts of Appeals (appellate courts)
- Supreme Court (apex)
State and Local Courts
They handle the vast majority of legal cases