Social Unrest & Agrarian Reform in 19th Century Extremadura
– Extremadura Democrats in the Six Years: Peasant Revolts
Social tensions and growing populations across Spain during Isabella II’s reign also reached Extremadura. A burgeoning rural population strained the region’s primary resource: land. The 1868 Revolution fueled expectations of change, and the social question of land ownership became Extremadura’s defining problem. A significant portion of land was privately owned, often having been seized from communal use.
Following the pronouncement in Cádiz,
Read MoreR Programming and Machine Learning Essentials
What is R?
R is a free statistical software and programming language widely used by academics and professionals in statistics and data science.
Data Types in R
R stores data using different structures and types. Let’s start with data types:
- Integer: Whole numbers (e.g., 3, 5, 7).
- Double: Rational numbers with decimals (e.g., 8.2, 3.55).
- Character: Text data (e.g., “Juan”, “Laura”).
- Logical: Boolean values (TRUE or FALSE).
Data Structures in R
R uses various data structures to organize data:
- Vectors
- Factors
- Lists
- Data
Hobbes vs. Locke: Political Philosophy and the Empiricist View of the Mind
Hobbes
His political thought is reflected in his work Leviathan. He defends the absolutism of the state and shows a preference for monarchy. He maintains the natural equality of all men. Absolutism is justified not on the differences between men, but on the selfish and aggressive nature of human beings.
State of Nature
Man is particularly dominated by the desire for power (Homo homini lupus). A situation of mistrust and conflict, a war of all against all, makes civilization and progress impossible.
Read MoreDurkheim’s Sociological Theories: An Analysis
Durkheim and Rejection of Analytic Individualism
Durkheim understood that society is not merely a reflection of individual actions. He rejected analytical individualism and idealism, focusing on the practical constraints of industrial society. Social life, according to Durkheim, comprises shared beliefs, practices, and customs—binding norms and conventions that define a group’s existence. He emphasized that the group’s individuality, not its individual members, determines social facts.
Durkheim
Read MoreEssential English Vocabulary and Phrases for Crime and Daily Use
Essential English Vocabulary
Crime Vocabulary
Verbs, Nouns, and People:
- Rob (a bank) (robar) → robbery → robber
- Steal (robar) → theft → thief/thieves
- Mug (atracar) → mugging → mugger
- Slay/Kill (matar) → slaying/killing → slayer/killer
- Murder (matar) → murder → murderer
- Burgle (entrar a robar a casa) → burglary → burglar
- Set fire to (incendiar) → arson → arsonist
- Shoplift (robar a botigues) → shoplifting → shoplifter
- Bully (fer bulling) → bullying → bully
- Cheat (copiar en
Evolution and Structure of the European Union
Formation of the EU
Post-War Initiatives
- Marshall Plan (1945): Revitalize the European economy.
- Benelux (1948): Economic Union of Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg.
- ECSC (1951): Regulate coal and steel production (France, Germany, Benelux).
- Spaak Report: Led to the Treaty of Rome (1957).
- Treaty of Rome: Created the EEC (European Economic Community) and Euratom (European Atomic Energy Community).
- Treaty on European Union (TEU) (1993): Transformed the EEC into the European Union, fostering broader cooperation.
Analyzing Humanistic Texts: Television and Philosophy
Humanistic Approach
This text is undeniably humanistic, aiming to develop a subjective perspective on the concept of ‘television’, which can be considered a test case. The fragment belongs to the realm of philosophy, employing a personal style to present ideas.
The text is an essay fragment from the publication Images and Words. It’s not the entire work, but a section intended to argue a specific theory.
Notably, the text uses the 1st person, common in essays, implementing dialectics effectively.
The
Read MoreUnderstanding Agricultural Landscapes and Activities
Characteristics of Agricultural Activity
Occupied Population: Poor
Production Techniques: Modern in Western Europe, more traditional in Eastern Europe.
Herd-size: Corporate, family-based, often uncompetitive with Eastern countries.
Production: Abundant, specialized, and market-oriented.
Agrarian Countries and Landscapes
Oceanic Agricultural Landscape
Pastures, forage crops, cereals, milk, and meat production.
Mediterranean Agricultural Landscape
Varied landscape with dryland farming (cereals, grapes, olives)
Read MoreUnderstanding Law: Social Norms to International Treaties
The Social Nature of Humanity
Humans have an inherent tendency to associate and seek companionship. This interaction leads to the establishment of social norms, living standards, and legal frameworks within a society. Initially, human relations were rudimentary, exemplified by nomadic lifestyles. Over time, the need for settled communities arose, leading to sustainable societies, territorial divisions, and governance structures. As populations grew, complex rights and obligations necessitated an
Read MoreHumanity and Knowledge: Philosophy vs. Science
Humanity and Existence
What do we need to know about our existence? Philosophy arises from the desire to understand our existence and find meaning. It’s a humanizing task that elevates us beyond mere animality.
Human vs. Animal
- Humans: Adaptation, future-thinking, flexibility, freedom, purpose.
- Animals: Necessity, survival, stimulus-response, instinct, routine.
Animals live immersed in immediate needs, while humans reflect on the past and project into the future.
Facing Reality
A fundamental difference