Spanish Literary Movements: Romanticism, Realism, and Naturalism
I. Romanticism: Characteristics and Key Authors
The Romantic Lyric
The Romantic genre cultivated the lyric because it was the ideal medium to express feelings. It is characterized by a break with neoclassical forms. Topics covered include:
- Love
- Life
- Freedom
Style and Metric Development
Romantic writers use a suggestive and resonant vocabulary, treating language as music and sound. They often employ rhetorical exclamations or question marks to express intense emotions.
Regarding metric, they use verses of
Read MoreThe French Revolution: Causes, Key Events, and Aftermath (1789-1799)
The Roots of Revolution
Why is the French Revolution historically significant?
Because its ideas changed human history.
Financial and Social Causes
The structure of the Ancient Regime meant that only the Third Estate paid taxes. The expenses of the state were very high, and the government did not have enough money solely from the taxes collected from the Third Estate.
Failed Attempts at Reform
Louis XVI tried to reform this system under various financial ministers. He called for democracy on a local level.
Read MoreCore Principles of International Trade and Finance
Benefits and Disadvantages of Specialisation
Advantages of Specialisation
- Increased Output: As production becomes more efficient, output is maximised with the same amount of resources.
- Greater Variety for Consumers: Consumers gain access to a greater variety of higher-quality products from around the world.
- Economic Growth: Specialisation and international trade increase the size of the market, allowing for economies of scale and boosting the GDP.
- Enhanced Efficiency: It leads to greater overall efficiency,
Rococo and Neoclassicism: Defining 18th Century Art Styles
The 18th Century: Enlightenment and Artistic Transformation
The influence of the Enlightenment made the 18th century a period of great cultural change. In Europe, Enlightenment ideas were spread through primary schools and schools for the applied arts, including glassmaking and pottery. Art became more than a decorative element for palaces. New museums allowed ordinary people to enjoy art as well. This era saw the emergence of two distinctive new styles: Rococo and Neoclassicism.
Rococo Style (1730s–1760s)
Read MoreFranco’s Regime: Opposition and Political Reforms in the 1960s
The Opposition to the Franco Regime
- A growing desire for change emerged, stemming both from the middle class (which benefited from the economic upswing but was distant from Francoist ideology) and from industrial workers, who were increasingly politicized.
- Urban workers, subjected to brutal changes in their living conditions—living with low wages and crowded into new neighborhoods around major cities—adopted an attitude against the Franco regime, supporting a change in the political system.
- In
Pakistan’s Education System: Policies, Aims, and Fields
Foundational Principles of Education in Pakistan
Message from the First Education Minister
At the first educational conference, the education minister gave top priority to the spiritual element in education. He said that if this element is ignored, it can have dangerous and devastating consequences. The tragedy of modern education, he argued, was evident in the two World Wars. These wars and scientific inventions have taught us that if the development of human morality and spirituality is ignored,
Read MoreEssential Phrases for Different Writing Styles
Informal Letter or Email to a Friend
Opening Phrases
- Hi David,
- Introductory sentence
- How have you been?
- How are things?
- Thanks so much for your last email/letter.
- Sorry I haven’t been in touch for such a long time.
Main Body: Introducing the Topic
This is where you introduce the topic.
- I’ve just read an interesting article about … and I think …
- It’s great to hear that…
- You must tell them to visit…
- Why don’t we/you visit…?
- You should definitely go to…
- I’d really recommend (+ verb + -ing or subject +
Pantomime, Didactics, and Motor Action Taxonomies
Pantomime and Mime: Definition and Educational Value
Pantomime is a performance in which actors express actions through gestures, movements, and attitudes of the body, without using words. The distinction between the two forms is crucial:
- Mime: Purely emotional expression.
- Pantomime: The expression of specific ideas.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Pantomime
Advantages (V)
- Uses a universal language.
- Is a means to convey instruction.
- Develops imagination and creativity.
- Excellent for developing communication
Ecosystem Structure, Trophic Levels, and Energy Flow
Ecosystems and Trophic Relationships
Life takes place in the biosphere. The biosphere includes the atmosphere (specifically the troposphere), the entire hydrosphere, and the geosphere.
Defining Ecosystems
Contemplating a landscape, we can distinguish between living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components. These components are closely interrelated. The set of organisms and the relationships established between them constitute the ecosystem. Within an ecosystem, we distinguish:
- Biocenosis (or Community)
Essential Academic Vocabulary and Communication Skills
University and Academic Vocabulary
Unit 1: Academic Life Terminology
1. Key Vocabulary Terms
- Yearn
- Ansiar, anhelar (often used with yearn for + noun).
- Wisdom
- Sabiduría (wise = sabio, adjective).
- Nothing worth knowing
- Nada que valga la pena conocer.
- Jingle
- Tintinear o melodía de un spot publicitario.
- To set aside
- Dedicar un tiempo o espacio a algo, apartarlo, colocarlo, etc.
- To enhance
- Mejorar.
- Mull it over
- Darle vueltas (to consider carefully).
- Hand in
- Entregar (to submit).
Academic Degrees and Levels
- First Degree