Spain’s 19th Century: Liberalism, Conflicts, and Economic Shifts
The Rise of Liberalism (1833-1843)
Upon Ferdinand VII’s death in 1833, his daughter Isabel II inherited the throne, ushering in an era of liberal consolidation. During her minority, power rested with regents: her mother, Maria Cristina (1833-1840), and later General Espartero (1840-1843). This period saw the emergence of two key parties: the Moderates and the Progressives.
The Moderates favored a more controlled reform policy, advocating for a Royal Charter to limit the monarchy’s power. This charter
Read MoreSpain’s Turmoil: From Old Regime Crisis to Liberal Reforms (1788-1814)
The Crisis of the Old Regime
Top of the Crisis (1788-1808)
Passed during the reign of Charles IV. The French Revolution promoted a conservative backlash in an isolated Spain. In 1793, King Louis XVI of France was executed, leading to the War of the Pyrenees, where Spain failed. In 1796, Spain allied with France against England, but the Spanish Armada was defeated at Cape St. Vincent, losing colonial trade. In 1800, Napoleon sought an alliance against Portugal, a British ally, provoking the War of
Read MoreKey Geography Terms and Concepts
Customs Tariff
A regulator of trade adapted to the dynamic changes in international conditions, production, and the country using it.
Metropolitan Area
A region encompassing a central urban city and surrounding satellite cities, functioning as residential, industrial, commercial, and service centers, organized centrally.
Aridity
Absence or lack of moisture.
Archipelago
A large group of islands clustered in a more or less extensive area of the sea.
Balance of Trade
The difference between exports and imports;
Read MoreCrimes Against Freedom and Equity: Penal Code Analysis
Crimes Against Freedom and Equity
1. Kidnapping and False Imprisonment (Art. 148 of the Penal Code)
Key Considerations:
- Deprive means to thwart, prevent, or restrict someone’s enjoyment of freedom.
- Deprivation of liberty through kidnapping or false imprisonment must be continuous.
- Kidnapping involves seizing someone from their location to take away their freedom.
- False imprisonment is the unlawful confinement of someone in a particular place.
- This crime violates legal freedom of movement.
- Victim consent
Revealing Christ’s Teachings: Pedagogy and Transformation
The Teaching of Christ Revealed
The uniqueness of Jesus’ behavior defied definition based on family background or personal history alone. The question arose, “Who is He?” His answer, inconceivable to many, surpassed their hypotheses. Jesus employed intelligent pedagogy, revealing his identity gradually to foster conviction through a process of assimilation.
The Pedagogy of Revelation:
- The Master to Follow: Jesus calls all to follow him, implying a deeper commitment than initially perceived.
- The Need
Nietzsche’s Philosophy: Unveiling Reality, Truth, and Becoming
Nietzsche’s Philosophy
Key Concepts
Becoming
This expresses the Heraclitean view of reality as constant change, contrasting with Parmenides and Plato’s principle of identity. Life is characterized by evolution, struggle, and contradiction, while identity represents death.
Concepts
Traditional philosophy views concepts as abstractions representing objects in a general and abstract way. Nietzsche, however, sees them as empty grammatical constructs that deny reality by unifying the sensible.
Lie
Lying is
Read MoreThe Queen and I: A Royal Transformation
Chapter 1: A New Reality
The Crown’s Fate
Why did the Queen resist a republican government? What did Jack Barker tell the Royal Family about their new homes? He informed them they would receive a pensioner’s bungalow, their entitlement as ordinary citizens.
A Symbolic Gesture
What did Jack Barker do with the Queen’s crown, and what did it signify? He held it aloft for all to see, symbolizing the monarchy’s end.
Chapter 2: Life in Hell Close
Introducing the Threadgolds
Beverley and Tony Threadgold are introduced.
Read MoreRousseau’s Natural Religion: The Role of Heartfelt Assent
1 – Easy Rule of Vicar (1-18)
Rousseau argues that a true believer understands man as an intelligent being requiring spiritual worship and a social being needing a morality made for humanity (para. 6). Teaching men to reason about religion, akin to emphasizing duties, removes the knife of intolerance. The solution lies in returning to general principles common to all humans, a universal religion established through dialogue among people of different faiths under these guidelines:
- Assembly to expel
Immanuel Kant’s Philosophy: Key Concepts Explained
1. The Social Contract
The social contract facilitates individuals’ transition from the state of nature to a structured society. While historically debated, it serves as a hypothetical framework for governance. This contract entails complete individual submission to an authority, a concept explored by Hobbes. Simultaneously, it implies individual legislative power, aligning with Rousseau’s perspective. No law can be enacted without individual consent, and the ruling power must govern as if laws
Read MoreCorporate Finance: Funding Sources, Assets, and Liabilities
ITEM 12: Financial Function and Sources
All goods and rights a company owns are its assets. The way capital is distributed determines the economic structure of the company.
The net liabilities (equity) reflect the company’s debts and its own financing. How a person distributes the financial structure determines the company’s financial health.
- Current Assets are liquid assets, such as raw materials, cash on hand, and finished products.
- Non-current Assets are those assets that remain with the company