The Medieval Kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula: Castile, Aragón, and Al-Andalus
The Christian Kingdoms of the North
The Kingdom of Asturias and León
The Kingdom of Asturias began when Pelayo defeated the Muslims in the Battle of Covadonga in 722. This event was later considered the start of the Christian Reconquest of Al-Andalus. Under Pelayo’s successors, Oviedo became the capital. Alfonso III (866–910) advanced the territory significantly due to conflicts within the Emirate of Córdoba. In the 10th century, the capital moved to León, establishing the Kingdom of León.
Read MoreFundamentals of Commercial Law and Legal Sources
Commercial Law: Formal and Material Sources
Functions of Commercial Law
Commercial Law is a branch of law specializing in civil rights, aiming to regulate economic reality. It arose from the inability of civil law to adequately regulate complex economic activities.
The first major formulation was the Code of Commerce (1885).
Commercial Law is essential for economic security. It generates coverage rules for economic operators:
- Internally: Within their organization (e.g., partnership agreements).
- Externally:
Advanced English Grammar Practice: Connectors, Modals, and Formal Language
1. Using Conjunctions and Connectors
Complete the sentences using because, so, such, or because of:
- I’m not buying it because it’s too expensive.
- I was lost, so I bought a street map.
- We couldn’t get into the factory because of the [missing context].
- They’ve got such a lot of money, they don’t know what to do.
- She didn’t get the job because of her [missing context].
- She worked so hard that she made herself ill.
- Because the economy in this country is expanding, many [missing context].
- Foreign investment
Alfred, Lord Tennyson: Victorian Poet and Major Works Analysis
Alfred, Lord Tennyson: Chief Victorian Poet
Alfred, Lord Tennyson (born August 6, 1809, Somersby, Lincolnshire, England—died October 6, 1892, Aldworth, Surrey) was an English poet often regarded as the chief representative of the Victorian Age in poetry. He was raised to the peerage in 1884.
Early Life and Education
Tennyson was the fourth of 12 children, born into an old Lincolnshire family; his father was a rector. In 1815, he was sent to Louth Grammar School, where he was unhappy, leaving in 1820.
Read MoreCore Networking Concepts: ACLs, VPN Security, and Cisco SD-Access
Access Control Lists (ACLs) and Configuration
An Access Control List (ACL) is a set of rules used on routers or firewalls to control network traffic and reduce network attacks. It filters traffic based on IP address, protocol, or port number.
Types of ACLs
Standard ACL
Filters traffic based only on the source IP address.
- Range: 1–99 and 1300–1999 (expanded range).
- Placement: Typically placed closer to the destination (since it does not check destination IP or ports).
Extended ACL
Filters traffic based
Nutritional Science, Immunity, and Common Health Conditions
Nutrient Deficiencies and Excesses
Macronutrients and Micronutrients
| Nutrient | Deficiency Effects | Excess Effects |
|---|---|---|
| Protein | Kwashiorkor, Marasmus, Growth Retardation | Obesity, Renal Overload, Gout |
| Carbohydrates | Ketosis, Fatigue, Protein Breakdown for Energy | Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome |
| Fat | Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency (Dry Skin, Poor Wound Healing, Growth Failure) | Obesity, Atherosclerosis, Fatty Liver |
| Calcium | Rickets, Osteoporosis, Tetany | Hypercalcemia, Kidney Stones |
| Iron | Iron-Deficiency Anemia | Hemochromatosis, |
English Word Formation: Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, and Adverbs
English Word Families: A Reference Table
This reference organizes related words by their part of speech, demonstrating common patterns in English word formation (morphology). Note that some cells may be empty if the corresponding form is rare or non-existent.
Core Word Families (A-L)
| Noun | Person/Agent | Verb | Adjective | Adverb |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Noun | Person | To Verb | Adjective | Adverb |
| Belief | Believer | To Believe | Believable | Believably |
| Breadth | – | To Broaden | Broad | Broadly |
| Clearance | – | To Clear | Clear | Clearly |
| Depth | – | To Deepen | Deep | Deeply |
| Height | – | To Highlight | High | Highly |
| Length | – |
The Resistance to Franco’s Regime (1939–1975)
Francisco Franco remained in power for almost 40 years, dying in 1975. This period is considered one of the longest dictatorships in modern European history.
The Opposition Policy in the First Francoism (1939–1959)
Initial Repression and Political Scattering
The substitution of the previous political system was accompanied by intense repression. Francoism sought to impose a warning on those who had opposed the uprising. Repression dismantled political parties and unions, whose members were imprisoned,
Read MorePersonal Reflections, Biographies, and Language Practice
Language Practice: Status and Feelings
Daily Status Updates
- The movie has just begun.
- I feel very exhausted today.
- Jill thinks it is embarrassing when she speaks in public.
- Jess has a big exam tomorrow, so she isn’t relaxed.
- Jake hasn’t finished his homework yet.
Part 2: Weekly Feelings Dialogue
Hi Jane.
In class, we’ve been talking about how we feel during the week. How do you feel on Mondays?
What a wonderful topic to talk about. How do I feel on Mondays? Well, I don’t like Mondays because it’s after
Read MoreThe Bermuda Triangle: Unraveling the Mystery of Vanishing Ships and Planes
The Bermuda Triangle: Unraveling the Mystery
Today, we embark on a journey into one of the most captivating mysteries that has fascinated both scientists and the general public for decades: the Bermuda Triangle. Often called the “Devil’s Triangle,” this vast stretch of ocean has been the site of numerous unexplained disappearances and curious phenomena, capturing our imaginations and fueling countless theories. But what really happens in this mysterious region? Why does it continue to intrigue us
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