Physics Fundamentals: Key Concepts, Formulas, and Energy Scales
Energy & Power
• Energy: ability to do work; conserved; transforms among heat, chemical, mechanical, electrical, nuclear, etc.
• Power: rate of energy use; determines how fast work is done or energy is converted.
Units & Conversions
• calorie (cal): energy to raise 1 g water by 1 °C ~ Calorie (food Cal) = 1 kcal = 1 000 cal ~ joule (J): SI unit; 1 J = 1 kg·m²/s²
• kilowatt-hour (kWh): industrial/domestic unit; 1 kWh = 3.6 MJ ≈ 1 000 Cal
• household uses ~12 000 kWh/yr
Typical Energy
Read MoreEssential Statistical Concepts and Formulas Reference
Descriptive Measures: Center and Variability
Measures of Variation
- Standard Deviation (SD): The average measure of distance between data points and the mean (the square root of the variance). It indicates how far the data is, on average, from the mean.
- Calculation: Find the variance and take its square root.
- Coefficient of Variation (CV): Used to compare the standard deviation of two different data sets. Shown as a percentage, it measures variation relative to the mean.
- Formula: CV = (Standard Deviation
Economic Concentration Control and Capital Stock in Spanish Law
Economic Concentration Control in Spanish Law (LDC)
The Law on Defense of Competition (LDC) addresses the control of economic concentrations. The provision refers to any stable change of control of the whole or part of one or more companies resulting from a series of operations, such as a merger or the acquisition of control of the whole or part of another company.
Article 8 LDC delimits the scope of application of the Law to concentrations based on the presence of one of the two following circumstances:
Read MoreIndustrial Organization: Monopoly, Competition, and Strategy
Early Models of Industrial Organization
- Cournot (1838): Used mathematics to study economics, price formation with a single supplier (monopoly), and oligopoly with simultaneous quantity setting.
- Bertrand (1883): Analyzed oligopoly with simultaneous price setting.
- Stackelberg (1934): Studied sequential setting of quantities in an oligopoly.
- Hotelling (1929) and Chamberlin (1933): Introduced the concept of product differentiation.
Schools of Thought in Industrial Organization
The Harvard School (1940s)
Key
Read MoreThe Neurochemistry of Love, Lust, Anger, and Aggression
Passionate Love: Neurochemical Profile
- High densities of dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE), but low levels of serotonin (5-HT).
- Displays subcortical activity in the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA), caudate nucleus, and putamen.
- Functions on dopaminergic-rich pathways, resulting in brain activation similar to cocaine use. It is rewarding, positive, and motivating.
- In response to seeing a loved one, the VTA uses chemical messengers (dopamine, serotonin, and oxytocin) to send signals to the nucleus accumbens.
Foreign Policy Analysis: Concepts, Realism, and Liberal Challenges
Defining Foreign Policy (FP)
Foreign Policy is the political dimension of a state’s external relations within the international system. It involves a combination of goals and interests achieved using specific instruments and strategies, governed by regulations and principles crucial for maintaining relations with other countries. A main goal of FP is to understand and maintain the coherence and unity of relations with other states.
Understanding Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA)
Foreign Policy Analysis
Read MoreQuality Management Calculations: EPMO, Control Charts, and Capability
Problem #6-1:
A bank has set a Standard that mortgage applications be processed within a certain number of days Of filing. If, out of a sample of 1000 Applications, 75 fail to meet this requirement, what is the epmo metric?
75 errors per Thousand is equivalent to 75000 epmo.
Problem #6-2:
Over the last year, 965 injections were administered at a clinic. Quality is measured by the proper amount of dosage as well as the Correct drug. In two instances, the Incorrect amount was given, and
Read MoreThe Spanish Civil War: Dynamics of the Republican and Nationalist Zones
The Two Zones of Conflict
The Republican Zone
The Social Revolution
- Resulted in the formation of committees and bodies of popular power.
- Factories were occupied and collectivized, and lands of the landowners were confiscated.
- This process was driven by Anarcho-syndicalism (CNT and FAI).
- Unleashed strong anti-clericalism: priests were persecuted as enemies, sometimes resulting in death or imprisonment.
Political Control and Internal Division
In 1936, a new coalition government was formed in the Republic
Read MoreThe Conflict Between Nietzschean and Ortegan Vitalism
Nietzschean Vitalism Versus Ortega’s Philosophy
Nietzsche’s vitalism affirmed the value of life as the ground of human being. This value sets a framework of irrationality against reason. Nietzsche says the human being has always been concerned with explaining how to live or how one should live, rather than actually living. This concern, in turn, has broken into metaphysics, morality, and history, generating the “conceptual mummies” that prevent us from living fully.
Nietzsche argued that it is necessary
Read MoreLinux Process Management: Data Structures and System Calls
Linux Process Management: Basic Data Structures and System Calls (Chapter 3)
Fundamental Process Concepts (Q1-Q4)
What is a process?
A process is a program in execution.
What are lightweight processes in Linux?
Lightweight processes are processes which offer better support for multithreaded applications.
Explain what is meant by a multithreaded application. Describe how multithreaded applications are implemented in Linux. Give three examples of POSIX-compliant pthread libraries.
A straightforward way to