Spain’s Early 20th Century: Alfonso XIII to Primo de Rivera
Spain Under Alfonso XIII (1902-1923)
The reign of Alfonso XIII began in 1902, marking a period of significant political and social upheaval in Spain.
Economic and Social Conditions
Worker conditions remained very poor in the early 20th century. This led to the emergence of spontaneous protests by industrial workers, often met with repression. Early labor movements formed to protect workers’ rights, culminating in the first general strikes.
Maura’s Conservative Government (1907-1909)
Following political
Read MoreHorizon S/A: Resolving Production & Distribution Challenges
Horizon S/A: A Case Study in Operational Planning
Marcelo Pereira’s Core Concern at Horizon S/A
What is the primary concern of Marcelo Pereira, Sales and Distribution Manager at Horizon S/A?
Non-compliance with requests for distribution services for regions under his responsibility.
Why Affiliates Didn’t Receive Requested Amounts
Marcelo Pereira, needing to understand why affiliates did not receive the requested amounts from the plant, receives the following information from the plant manager:
The main
Read MoreSpain’s Regional Economic Imbalances and Development Policies
The Origins of Budgetary Imbalances
The key factor has been industrialization and resulting economic imbalances. These increased with the development of industry and tourism, prompting growth in the Basque Country, Catalonia, and the Balearic Levante. Madrid attracted capital to finance manufacturing and services. These imbalances are reflected in the GDP, per capita income, and infrastructure. Unsteady demographics were a result of the crisis in traditional agriculture and industrial development,
Read MoreGlobal Food Insecurity: Colonial Legacies, Economic Disparities, and Conflict Impacts
Colonialism’s Impact on Undernutrition and Property
Colonialism profoundly shaped patterns of undernutrition, property relations, and the enduring legacy of the plantation system. Its diverse impacts vary significantly by ethnicity, class, gender, and region, influencing access to land, agricultural and industrial policies, urban development, and often conflict-ridden ethnic circumstances. Regions with unequal land ownership frequently experience the most vocal global resistance movements.
21st Century
Read MoreSt. Augustine: A Pivotal Figure in Early Christianity
Early Life, Conversion, and Roman Context
Saint Augustine was born in 354 CE in Tagaste, North Africa, the son of Patricius, a pagan, and Monica, a fervent Christian. His birth coincided with the beginning of the decline of the Roman Empire, under emperors like Julian II and Theodosius I. After Theodosius’s death, the Empire was famously divided into East and West. This era was marked by economic crises, progressive barbarian invasions, and the devastating sack of Rome in 410 CE.
It was in this tumultuous
Read MoreSAP S/4HANA Controlling & Profitability Concepts
Account Assignment Concepts
- Valuated sales
- Separate sales
Accounting & Profit Center Insights
- Profit contribution analysis
- Return on capital metrics
Accrual Methods & Types
- Target equals actual comparison
- 2-Percentage method
- Activity-dependent accruals
- Activity-independent accruals
Activity Allocation & System Logic
- Derivation of the cost element
- Determination of the allocation amount
Activity-Based Costing Fundamentals
- Business process analysis
- Cost center and activity integration
Assessment Cycle Mechanics
- Uses
Slovakia’s Economic Profile: Industry, Agriculture & Key Sectors
Slovak Industry: Key Location Factors
Primary Industry Location Factors
- Natural Resources
- Water Supply
- Infrastructure / Transportation
- Energy
- Government Policy
- Skilled Workforce
- Agglomeration (Clustering)
Key Factors for Major Slovak Companies
US Steel Košice Location Factors
- Workforce
- Infrastructure
KIA Žilina Location Factors
- Workforce
- Infrastructure
Slovnaft Bratislava Location Factors
- Transportation
- Water Supply
Major Car Manufacturers and Locations
- KIA: Žilina
- Peugeot: Trnava
- Volkswagen: Bratislava
Metallurgy
Read MoreOptimizing Research Proposals and Project Assessment
Navigating Research Proposals and Project Evaluation
Presenting multiple proposals within a research project can introduce several assumptions and carries inherent risks. Applicants may feel overwhelmed by having to choose between various projects, and more specifically, among several options within each project. This multiplicity of options can also be interpreted as a lack of a clear research direction. In public tenders, it is crucial to demonstrate a clear plan of action, as budget holders prioritize
Read MoreARM Processor Architecture & Embedded Systems
Current Program Status Register (CPSR)
The Current Program Status Register (CPSR) is a 32-bit special-purpose register in ARM processors. It plays a central role in controlling the state and execution flow of the processor.
CPSR Structure
The CPSR has four 8-bit fields: Flags (holds condition flags), Status and Extension (reserved), and Control. In current ARM designs, only the Control and Flags fields are actively used.
Key CPSR Bits
- N (Bit 31) – Negative flag
- Z (Bit 30) – Zero flag
- C (Bit 29) –
Wood Fundamentals: Structure, Varieties, and Manufacturing
Wood: A Fundamental Natural Resource
Wood is a raw material of plant origin, consisting of the woody stems (trunks) of trees and shrubs. Its structure is primarily composed of cellulose fibers, a substance that forms the structural support for plants, and lignin, which provides stiffness and hardness.
Anatomy of a Tree Trunk (Inside Out)
- Bark: The outermost protective layer.
- Vascular Cambium: A thin layer responsible for growth, producing new wood and bark.
- Sapwood (Alburnum): The living, outer wood