Pharmaceutical Chemistry: A Comprehensive Guide
Anti-infective agents are drugs that are used to treat or prevent infection.
Analgesics are medications that relieve pain.
Haematinics disease is caused by iron deficiency
EDTA– Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid
Limit test is used to detect impurity.
Bleaching powder is used as oxidizing agent in chemical industries.
Acidifying agents are inorganic chemicals that either produce or become acid.
An error may be defined as the difference between measured and actual values.
Chemical name of alum is Aluminium sulphate.
Anaemia is caused by iron deficiency.
“bacteriostatic” means that the agent prevents the growth of bacteria (i.e., it keeps them in the stationary phase of growth), and “bactericidal” means that it kills bacteria.
An antiseptic is a substance that stops or slows down the growth of microorganisms Ex- chlorhexidine, povidone-iodine, chloroxylenol, isopropyl alcohol, hexachlorophene, benzalkonium chloride, and hydrogen peroxide.
Pharmaceutical chemistry is a Branch of chemistry which deals with the study of organic chemistry in combination with structural & chemical biology & pharmacology for producing pharmaceutical drugs & medicines.
Scope of Pharmaceutical chemistry: ➢ Quality Assurance & Quality control (QA & QC):- Processes & standards that ensure quality of drug compounds. ➢ Drug Discovery: – Identifying compound, especially those that treat disease. ➢ Industry:- ➢ Pharmaceutical chemistry Teacher for College institute .
Properties- 1. It is a white to off-white crystalline powder. 2. It is freely soluble in dichloromethane. 3. It is soluble in chloroform and in methanol. 4. It is sparingly soluble in ethanol. 5. It is practically insoluble in water and in ether.
Stability and Storage- It is stored in a well closed container protected from light and at con- trolled room temperature,
Uses- 1. It is a broad spectrum antifungal. 2. It is used to treat seborrheic dermatitis and fungal skin infections. 3. It is used orally to treat severe refractory cutaneous dermato- phytic infections. 4. Ketoconazole is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections such as candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, chromomycosis, paracoccidioidomycosis.
Pharmaceutical Formulations: 1. Ketoconazole tablets IP 2. Ketoconazole lotion.3. Ketoconazole cream.4. Ketoconazole ointment. 5. Ketoconazole antidandruff shampoo.
Brand Names- Ketovate, Funginoc, Danruf, Nizrol, Funazole, Antanazol, Ketazole.
Q. Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
What are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)? Classify NSAIDs with suitable examples.
These are the drugs which are used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation and also lower the elevated body temperature. The NSAIDs act by inhibition of the cyclo-oxygenase (COX) enzyme.
Paracetamol- Chemical Name: N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide
Uses: Paracetamol is a medicine used to treat mild to moderate pain. Paracetamol can also be used to treat fever (high temperature).
Stability and storage conditions: It should be kept in a cool, dry place and stored at room temperature. Direct sunlight is prohibited.
Types of formulations: Tablets
Popular brand names: Tylenol Excedrin
Types of Formulations- Tablet, Solution Popular Brand Names- Lasix, Diaqua-2, Lo-Aqua
Q. What are the Anti Tubercular Agent with example ?
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infective diseases most commonly affecting the lungs, and caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis. Since TB is an it spreads via air in the form of small droplets Patients infected with pulmonary TB or laryngeal TB may the infection by sneezing, coughing, singing, or even while talking. The infective droplets, once released into the air in there for a few hours due to their very small size. Tuberculosis can be treated in a long-term, i.e.. 8 months to 3 years.Tuberculosis infection can be cured it proper treatment is given within time. Non tuberculosis mycobacterial infections are known as M. arium complex (MAC) as they are caused by M. alam, M. kansali, M. murinum, and M. scrofulaceum. These organisms are resistant the commonly used anti-tuberculosis drugs; thus along with the standard Jugh some newer agents like fluoroquinolones, amikacin clarithromycin, azithromycin, or rifabutin are used.
Isoniazid
Isoniazid (or isonicotinylhydrazine, INH) an organic compound used the first line drug for preventing and treating tuberculosis.
Uses- It is used with other drugs in the treatment of active tuberculosis (TB) infection. Stability Storage Conditions-It should be stored in room temperature. Types of Formulations – Tablet, Solution Popular Brand Names – Nydrazid, Pms-Isoniazid
Q Write a note on Aspirin. Chemical Name-Ortho-acetoxy benzoic acid or 2-acetoxy benzoic acid Properties: 1. It occurs a white crystalline powder.2. It is colourless. 3. It is odourless and has slightly bitter taste. 4. It is soluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol, Stability and Storage- It should be stored in a well tightly closed container and protected from light and kept in a cool, dry place.Brand Names-Disprin, Aspro, Anacin.
Uses- It is used as analgesic to relieve moderate pains like headache, toothache.
Pharmaceutical Formulations- Aspirin tables BP, IP
Uses- Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that plays a role in memory, learning, attention, arousal and involuntary muscle movement. Stability and Storage Conditions: It should be kept in a cool, dry place and stored at room temperature. Direct sunlight is prohibited. Types of Formulations Powder for injection, Gels, Lozenges Brand Name: Miochol-E.
Hypoglycemic Agents: Hypoglycemic agents are medications that lower blood sugar levels. They are used to treat type 2 diabetes, a condition in which the body does not produce or use insulin effectively. There are several different types of hypoglycemic agents, each with its own mechanism of action.
Metformin- Chemical Name: N,N-Dimethylimidodicarbonimidic diamide Uses: Metformin is used to treat high blood sugar levels that are caused by a type of diabetes mellitus or sugar diabetes called type 2 diabetes. Stability and storage conditions: It should be kept in a cool, dry place and stored at room temperature. Direct sunlight is prohibited. Types of formulations: Tablets Popular brand names: Fortamet Glumetza .
Glibenclamide- Chemical Name: 5-chloro-N-[2-[4-(cyclohexylcarbamoylsulfamoyl) phenyl]ethyl]-2-methoxybenzamide Uses: Glibenclamide is used to lower the blood sugar level in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus that is not controlled by diet and exercise alone. . It is used along with diet and exercise to improve blood sugar control in adults with type 2 diabetes. Glibenclamide is an antidiabetic medication. Stability and storage conditions: It should be kept in a cool, dry place and stored at room temperature. Direct sunlight is prohibited. Types of formulations: Tablets Popular brand names: Gliben-J, Daonil,
Examples of anti-fungal drugs – Fluconazole -Chemical Name- α -(2, 4-Difluorophenyl)-α -(1H-1, 2, 4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1H-1, 2, 4-triazole-1-ethanol. Properties- 1. It is a white crystalline powder. 2. It is slightly soluble in water. 3. It is soluble in organic solvents such as chloroform, propylene glycol. Stability and Storage – It should be stored in a tightly closed container at a temperature Jess than 30°C. Pharmaceutical Formulations- 1. Fluconazole tablets IP 2. Fluconazole capsules IP 3. Fluconazole oral suspension IP
Examples – Isosorbide Dinitrate Chemical Name: 1,4-Dioxane-3,5-diyl dinitrate Uses: Isosorbide dinitrate is a prescription medication used to treat angina pectoris (chest pain). It works by relaxing the blood vessels, which increases blood flow to the heart. Stability and storage condition: It should be stored in a closed container at room temperature, away from heat, moisture, and direct light. Keep from freezing. Types of formulations: Tablets Capsules Sublingual Popular brand names: Dilatrate-SR Isordil
Define antipsychotic drugs .
What are Adrenergic antagonists ?
Adrenergic antagonists (adrenoblockers) are compounds that inhibit the action of adrenaline (epinephrine), noradrenaline (norepinephrine), and other catecholamines that control autonomic outflow and some functions of the central nervous system at the adrenergic receptors or inhibit their release. Adrenoblockers are highly effective pharmaceuticals that are used broadly in treatment of cardiac diseases. Their physiological effects include the dilation of blood vessels, which lowers blood pressure and slows heart rate.
Two types of adrenoreceptors—α1 and α2—are known. Selective α1 adrenoblockers inhibit the ability of catecholamines to constrict the blood vessels. α2 Adrenoblockers are mainly used in research, finding limited clinical application.
Discuss in detail about sedatives and hypnotics.
Sedatives and Hypnotics: Sedatives: Sedatives are drugs that reduce irritability or excitement, promoting a sense of calm and relaxation. They can be used to treat anxiety, agitation, or tension. Some common sedatives include benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and certain antihistamines. Hypnotics: Hypnotics are drugs specifically used to induce sleep. They are also known as sleep aids or sleeping pills. Some common hypnotics include zolpidem (Ambien), eszopiclone (Lunesta), and zaleplon (Sonata). Examples of sedatives and hypnotics-
Diazepam: Diazepam is a medication belonging to the benzodiazepine class of sedative-hypnotics. It is commonly prescribed for its anxiolytic (anti-anxiety), sedative, muscle relaxant, and anticonvulsant properties. Chemical name: 7-chloro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-3H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one Uses: Diazepam is used to treat anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and seizures. It is also used to relieve muscle spasms and to provide sedation before medical procedures. Stability and storage conditions: Diazepam injection is chemically stable as 5mg doses in disposable glass syringes for 90 days when stored at 4°C or 30°C. It should be stored in refrigerator. Types of Formulations Tablet, Oral solution, Rectal gel,
Redox titration- Chemical titration in which both the oxidation – reduction reaction is employ is known as Redox titration or oxidation – reduction titration. Oxidation reaction— Oxidation reaction is defined as ‘addition of oxygen/loss of electron/removal of hydrogen’ is known as oxidation reaction. Reduction reaction— Reduction reaction is defined as ‘removal of oxygen/gain of electron/addition of hydrogen’ is known as oxidation reaction. Redox reaction– MnO4 – + I- → Mn2 + + I2 Oxidizing agent— Oxidizing agent are defined as substances containing an atom/ion, which accept an electron during the reaction and result in either decrease in their positive valency or increase in their negative valency. Reducing agent— Reducing agent are defined as substances containing an atom/ion, which loose an electron during the reaction and result in either increase of their positive valency or decrease of their negative valency.
Complex metric titration. This type of titration involves formation of complex during the titration and is used in the estimation of metal and also for their salts. The titrant used in this titration isusually called as ligands. EDTA is the most widely titrant used in the complex metric titration. EDTA(Ethylenediamine tetracetic acid or sodium edentate) is a very versatile complexing agent with greater water solubility and forms the most stable 1;1 ratio complexes with all metals except alkali metals such as sodium and potassium. The alkaline earth metal such as calcium and magnesium forms complexes which are unstable at low PH values and are titrated in ammonium chloride buffer at 10. The general equation for the titration— Mn+ + Na2EDTA → (MEDTA) n-4 + 2H+ Indicator used in the complex metric titration—the end point of the reaction is detected using an indicatory dye. The dye is added to the metal solution at the start of the titration, and forms a colored complex with small amount of the metal. The first drop of excess EDTA causes this complex to break up resulting in a color change. Example– Calcein, Eriochrome black T, curcumin, calcon, Murexide (ammonium purpurate), Hematoxylin, fast sulphon black etc.
Haematinics
Haematinics are the drugs used to increase the the Concentration of haemoglobin (iron) in blood or used to cure anaemia mainly due to iron deficiency.
Examples – These agents are required for the formation of blood. Some common examples of haematinics used in treatment of iron 1. Ferrous sulphate, 2. Ferrous fumarate, 3. Ferric ammonium citrate, 4. Ferrous ascorbate, 5. Carbonyl ion, etc.
Ferrous Fumarate-Ferrous fumarate is the fumarate salt form of the mineral iron . Preparation -Anhydrous ferrous fumarate should be prepared by mixing a water-soluble ferrous salt and a water soluble salt of fumaric acid in aqueous medium at a temperature over 70°C .Physical Properties • Appearance : Reddish-brown powder. • Odour : Odorless powder. Solubility : Hardly soluble in water and very slightly soluble in alcohol. Nature : Basic in nature. Chemical Properties • ferrous fumarate is quite stable to oxidation and hydration. • This salt remains stable in even hot, humid atmosphere in comparison to ferrous sulphate and ferrous gluconate. Pharmaceutical Formulations Ferrous Fumarate and Folic Acid (Combination) Tablets, Ferrous Fumarate Syrup Market preparations Feosol, Ferra-TD, Storage Conditions o It should be stored in clean, dry warehouse in the original unopened containers Uses It is used to treat pernicious anaemia. It is used to treat iron deficiency anaemia.
Acid Base Titration
In chemistry, acid – base titration is used for analysis the unknown organic compound
concentration of an acid and base. The principle of acid-base titration is based on the neutralisation reaction occurring between
acid & base. Phenolphthalein is the most commonly used indicator for acid base titration. Acid-Base reaction involve transfer of proton, Example :- Base accept proton from Acid
H+ + OH- H2O. It is most common Neutralisation reaction.. At bequivalent point, moles of H+ are equal to the moles of OH-.
Anti-Hypertensive Agents: Antihypertensive agents are a class of drugs that are used to treat hypertension, also known as high blood pressure.
Propranolol– Propranolol is a beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist. Chemical Name: Its chemical name is 1-(1-isopropylamino)-3-(1-naphthoxy)-2-propanol. Uses: Propranolol is used to treat a variety of conditions, including: High blood pressure (hypertension) Angina (chest pain) Arrhythmias (irregular heartbeats) Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) Proliferating infantile hemangioma (a type of birthmark) Stability and Storage Conditions: Propranolol is stable at room temperature. It should be stored in a cool, dry place, away from direct sunlight. Types of Formulations: Propranolol is available in a variety of formulations, including: Tablets Capsules Extended-release tablets Oral solution Injection Popular Brand Names: Inderal
Captopril– Captopril is a L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2- methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. Chemical Name: (2S)-1-[(2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid.Uses: Captopril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. ACE inhibitors work by blocking the production of a hormone called angiotensin II. Angiotensin II is a powerful vasoconstrictor, which means that it causes blood vessels to narrow. By blocking the production of angiotensin II, captopril helps to relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure. Stability and storage conditions: It should be kept in a cool, dry place and stored at room temperature. Direct sunlight is prohibited. Types of formulations: Tablets Capsules Oral solution Intravenous solution Popular brand names: Capoten Capozide