Philosophical Terms: A Comprehensive Dictionary
**Absolute**
That which does not need anything or anyone even to be conceived not to exist. Properly applies to God.
**Abstraction**
Mental meeting of what is common to many individual beings to form a universal concept.
**Academy**
Plato’s philosophical school.
**Accident**
What may be modified or deleted in a substance without changing its nature.
**Act**
From Aristotle, this means that now is the result of what was previously in power.
**Admiration**
Admiration is considered, by both Plato (Theaetetus, 155d) and Aristotle (Metaphysics, I), as the origin of philosophy. According to these authors, philosophy grew out of admiration, bewilderment, surprise, of wonder or surprise (meanings associated with the Greek thauma, wonder). This admiration comes, in turn, not from an orientation towards practical knowledge in the sense of knowledge aimed at achieving specific goals to improve this or that aspect of our existence, but from confusion. Those who are admired, who experience the feeling of surprise or wonder at a problem, experience some disorientation. They are in a situation similar to that experienced with a paradox (as opposed to doxa or opinion): they admire things or problems that cause admiration not immediately respond to a known order. The pursuit of this order is the answer to that admiration. Thus, Aristotle also says that as the myth-makers were, in a sense, philosophers, since myths are composed of elements or generators of wonderful admiration. However, in other texts, he contrasts the myth to the full reason or logos.
**Acquired**
In man, all he has mediated by society and culture. Opposes birthright.
**Affectivity**
Effective set of phenomena: emotions, feelings, and passions.
**Aphorism**
Brief sentence rule is proposed as a science or art. Many philosophers cultivate this genre, including some pre-Socratics, Epicurus, Marcus Aurelius, Montaigne, Pascal, and Nietzsche.
**Agnosticism**
Philosophical position which denies man the capacity to demonstrate the existence of God and know the meaning of life and the ultimate reason of the universe by reducing all knowledge to the scope of the phenomenon and the relative.
**Joy**
Pleasant and lively feeling, between pleasure and happiness, which affects the whole person.
**Alienation**
Latin alienus: foreign, strange. Situation in which the individual is or feels strange or inauthentic. Popular term for Marxism to describe the process by which the individual or society transform their consciousness to make it inconsistent with what should be expected from his condition.
**Soul**
Immaterial vital principle, that by which a living thing moves and feels. In men, from Aristotle and medieval philosophy, conceived as a co-principle substance, spiritual and immortal, capable of understanding, love, and feeling that informs the body and it is with human nature. Currently, it is understood as psychic awareness and feeling.
**Friendship**
Disinterested and mutual affection which nourishes and strengthens the deal. One of the most noble and necessary human sentiments.
**Love**
Feeling that moves will the good of the beloved reality – another person, a group of people or something – and their possession or identified with it. It is a fundamental human reality, closely linked to knowledge. As a penchant for a good not owned, love creates desire, and adherence to good mind, love is transformed into joy.
**Analysis**
Intellectual method that separates and distinguishes the parts of a whole to know their principles or elements. Is opposed to synthesis.
**Analogy**
Similarity. Often the reasoning by analogy.
**Anamnesis**
Souvenir, reminiscence. Important concept in the philosophy of Plato.
**Anarchy, Anarchism**
From the Greek an arjos: lack or absence of head. To understand its full meaning has to bear in mind that human society requires that individuals are responsible for ordering their complexity and to ensure compliance. Anarchism is the doctrine and political ideology that advocates the utopia of abolishing all forms of government and State, and the exaltation of the freedom of the individual.
**Animal**
Organic being who lives, feels, and moves of their own accord.
**Antithesis**
Opposite view. Important concept in the Hegelian and Marxist philosophy.
**Anthropology**
From the Greek Anthropos and logos. Science of man. Man study conducted by psychology, sociology, history, linguistics, ethnology, and philosophy. Philosophical anthropology considers the metaphysical aspects of the constitution and human behavior.
**Anthropomorphism**
Attribution of human qualities and traits that is not human.
**Appearance**
Visible aspect of reality. From Socrates, philosophy is to seek the truth that lies behind appearances.
**Apathy**
Emotional impossibility. For Stoics and Epicureans, which target must the man, indifferent to the turmoil of passion and the shock of pain.
**Ápeiron**
Greek word for the indeterminate.
**Appetite**
Tendency, desire, natural inclination. Instinctive impulse that leads to satisfying the wants or needs. Since Plato, philosophy is the man two types of appetites: the sensitive and intellectual.
**Aponia**
Greek word: no pain. One of the goals of philosophy of Epicurus.
**Aporia**
Greek word. Means dead end of thinking, reasoning that no possible solution. Are famous paradoxes of Zeno.
**A Posteriori**
Part of the effect reasoning to arrive at the cause. Knowledge comes from experience. It is opposed to a priori.
**A Priori**
Reasoning that follows examines the cause and effects before you see them. Such are the direct proofs of mathematics. Prior knowledge to experience. He opposes a posteriori. For Kant, human knowledge has a significant component prior, which gives it universal validity.
**Discretion**
Ability to choose, expression of human freedom.
**Argument**
Rational operation steps which seek to demonstrate a thesis.
**Beauty**
Property of the things that makes them appealing to our eyes. Since ancient times was defined as the splendor of the form. The grasp with the senses, intellect, and feelings. Largely comparable to truth and goodness.
**Good**
In the objective sense, what a perfect being, which by nature for you. In the subjective sense, which produces satisfaction and what we find useful. In the first sense indicates fullness and is comparable to the truth and beauty.
**Common Good**
On being called to live in society, exists for a common man. The set of conditions – peace, welfare, values – which allow a society worthy of man.
Chaos. Amorphous state that is undefined before the establishment of the cosmos.
**Aristocracy**
From the Greek edges (better) and kratos (power): government by the best, understood as the privileged according to various criteria: intelligence, home, military or economic. In Greece was considered, along with the monarchy and democracy, one of the three pure forms of government. It also means the more privileged social strata.
**Asceticism**
Lifestyle that involves efforts to reduce and master the pleasures of the senses in order to achieve greater self-control or moral perfection.
**Ataraxia**
State of the soul that has reached a peace of mind. Goal of Stoic philosophy.
**Autarky**
Self-control, independence, absence of linkages. Ideal of Socrates and the Stoics and Epicureans.
**Autonomy**
From the Greek autos (self) and nomos (law): independence, self, being, for himself, the law itself.
**Moral Autonomy**
The general sense of autonomy adheres to ethics to mean respect for one’s own conscience, and have shown modern Kant and Max Scheler.
**Authority**
Political and administrative power, power of magistrates and judges, a principle laid down in an engine. Human group the necessary order. As such, the authority is stable and basic element that creates, maintains, and develops the social order. In the broadest sense, credit is attributed to outstanding people.
**Chance**
What is produced by chance, for reasons we can not know. “A label for our ignorance,” he said of Aristotle.
**Capitalism**
Strongly oriented economic system to benefit. In capitalism, capital predominates over the man, who is regarded as a simple labor. It is characteristic of the modern age, where the custom production, typical of the craft, is replaced by another mass, then looking for consumer markets and is able to artificially create the same need of consumption. Usually accompanied by a related philosophy: liberalism.
**Character**
In psychology refers to the set of qualities that make stable mode-being and a person’s behavior. Thus, with the temperament, what we call personality and temperament differ that it is not innate but acquired, is freer, less dependent on the somatic, so we are responsible for our character than our temperament. Not linked to genetic factors, but education and culture.
**Categories**
In Aristotle’s ways of being, as summarized in two: substance and accidents. In Kant, ways of knowing (a priori forms of understanding).
**Categorical**
Judgement and reasoning that affirm or deny without restriction or condition.
**Cause**
Origin or foundation of something, all that produces an effect. We distinguish various causes: material, formal, efficient, final, instrumental, exemplary, First Cause, and secondary causes.
**Causality**
Relationship between cause and effect at all. The principle of causality states that every effect has a cause, and under identical conditions originating from the same causes the same effects.
**Cavern**
(Myth or allegory.) Plato wrote this fiction to compare the man with a prisoner chained in a cave where they can see the sun and makes the shadows for reality: so is every human being a prisoner of sensible appearances and their own body.
**Certainty**
Firm adhesion of the mind to a truth that finds clear and unquestionable. It is not the same as truth, as this is the appropriate understanding of the thing, and certainly is the absolute conviction of possessing the truth.
**Science**
Systematic body of knowledge demonstrated. Try to be a reflection of the reality experienced as a plane reflects a building. Scientific knowledge comes from experience and it operates on a strong conceptualization. There are natural sciences and human sciences.
From the Latin scientia, from scire, to know. Human activity is producing scientific knowledge. Human cultural activity that aims at the establishment and foundation of a systematic body of knowledge. So defined, this activity could be confused with similar ones with a similar objective, such as philosophy, art, and even the same religion. But scientific work is distinguished from other similar specific characteristics: the knowledge that it is a rational knowledge, which refers to the material world or nature, which wants to explain and predict regularities, obtained by an experimental method, which are part observation, experimentation and the implications of the facts observed is systematic because it is organized by hypotheses, laws and theories, and is an objective and public knowledge, it seeks to be recognized by all as true or at least be accepted by universal consensus. Thus understood, the concept of science should apply only to so-called empirical sciences like physics or zoology, excluding so-called formal sciences like mathematics and logic. But the latter are also science in the full sense of the word because, if not refer to facts of nature, is also a universal knowledge, systematic and methodical, provide the calculation and inference tools needed for the method and systematization of empirical science and, moreover, also maintained a relationship with nature, which are models or ways to think about it.
Historically, this type of knowledge has its origins in Greece, to the s. VI BC in the Ionian colonies of Asia Minor, first as a knowledge of mathematics and astronomy, and then in the form of new cosmologies that replaced “in their methods, but not in its objectives, to the old cosmologies, both Greek and Egyptian as Babylonian and Hebrew. In this first birth was added in the s. XVII, also in the West and the Mediterranean basin, the second and final emergence of science, thanks to the renewal of the astronomical model of the world through the work of Nicolaus Copernicus and then to the application of mathematical methods to physical phenomena nature, the work of Galileo. These authors and those who continued to build on its model of research led to what was then called “new science” and then “modern science”, which, with the subsequent synthesis of classical Newtonian mechanics, which led to its completion, is was a model of scientific knowledge, or science, for all subsequent civilization. Four periods are often noted as characteristic of the emergence and historical constitution of science: 1) The transition from the primitive cosmogony (Babylonian, Egyptian, Hebrew and Greek) to the new cosmologies, initiated by the rational thinking of the Ionians of Asia Minor, a fact that is the emergence of philosophy in the s. BC VI, 2) the appearance of the geocentric and geoestática tradition through the work of Plato and Aristotle and, especially, astronomy and Aristotelian physics, 3) the crisis and critical (according to some, gradually from the Middle Ages) Aristotelian ideas, the so-called scientific revolution in the early modern era with the establishment of the paradigm of Newtonian mechanics, 4) amendments to this paradigm, and therefore, classical mechanics and model classic science through the work of the theory of Einstein’s special relativity, cosmology, and the new quantum physics, as regards the constitution of matter.
The basic characteristics of science are enjoying them attributed to scientific knowledge, and that, ultimately, are one and the same thing (one is the result of the activity and the other is human activity that produces it), and applies only to them the notion of episteme, as it was called the true knowledge among the Greeks, as opposed to mere opinion, which was considered improper knowledge or know unfounded. But it should be reduced to its proper way, the truth value of science. And so the philosophy of science highlights the provisional aspect of scientific knowledge and insists that science is above all that rational activity is to propose provisional theories as a bold conjecture, since the problems arising from our adaptation to the environment, for submission to the test of experiment, as compared with the facts, to discover their possible falsehood. Hence, what characterizes the development of science is not just the accumulation of knowledge but the “investigation of truth persistent and recklessly critical”
**Scientism**
Position that asserts that only empirical science can understand and explain reality rationally, in consequence, the approach should be extended to experience the land of philosophy and morality.
**Cynical**
Greek followers of Antisthenes (444-365 BC). They are characterized by a rejection of any social or moral norm. Propose a “natural life”, like dogs.
**Cyrenaica**
Followers of Aristippus of Cyrene (born in 435 BC), representing an absolute hedonism.
**Cogito**
Means, in Latin, ‘I think. ” Refers to the cogito, ergo sum: “I think, therefore I am” of Descartes.
**Cognitive**
In psychology, relates to knowledge.
**Understanding**
In logic, the understanding of a concept is the set of characters in it.
**Communism**
Doctrine formulated by Marx and Engels, developed and built by Lenin and his followers, who interprets history as class struggle governed by historical and dialectical materialism. Before the fall of European communism, the communists were convinced to come after the dictatorship of the proletariat to a classless society without private property without a state.
**Concept**
Latin concepts derived from concipere, design, referred to the intellectual representation of some thing or aspect of it. General and abstract idea that can understand and communicate reality. Every concept is characterized by its comprehension (number of characters covered) and its extension (number of individuals who may apply).
**Conscience**
It is the human reason as a judge on the morality of acts, about good and evil. Is the subject the existence of an objective ethical standard: natural law. It distinguishes between consciousness certain or uncertain, true or wrong, his error may be beatable and unbeatable.
**Psychological Consciousness**
Human capacity to know reality and knowing oneself (self). Can be written consciousness.
**Condition**
Which is necessary for there can be a phenomenon or act a cause.
**Knowledge**
Latin cognoscere. Operation by which a being is present to another in a heritage. Act by which a subject grasps or apprehends an object. beings who know capture the shape of the thing known and have intentionally: the way there intentionally in the knower reproduce or copy the form that occurs naturally in reality.
**Consequentialism**
Cutting utilitarian ethical stance. Argues that the morality of an action-dependent solely on actual or probable consequences. It seems clear moral criteria and verifiable, but it is not at all: their own advocates agree not to define what useful. And if they agree to seek “the greatest happiness for the greatest number ‘, this principle is acceptable if the society accepted the basic rules of decent conduct” what implementation would involve the principle of maximum happiness in a society that called for the assassination in mass of the Jews? “(Macintyre).
**Consensus**
Mutual agreement between people of different opinions. Faced with ethical problems involving several people with different approaches must be sought consensus, but knowing that there is mutual agreement that creates the ethics.
**Constitution**
Fundamental law of a State organization. Your name makes explicit reference to what constitutes a state.
**Contingent, Contingency**
Latin contingere: happen, occur. Philosophy considers contingent on what may or may not be happen or not happen, it is not necessary nor impossible. contingency provides a classic argument: if the universe is contingent, but in fact there is bound to assume a necessary cause to explain its existence to that Necessary Being we call God.
**Cosmology**
Study of the cosmos. There is a philosophical cosmology holds a metaphysical interpretation of the physical world.
**Cosmos**
Word of Greek origin. Means orderly universe. He opposes chaos.
**Creation**
In philosophical sense, producing something without pre-existing matter. This type of action goes beyond the power of nature, hence it is attributed only to God. Many philosophers think that the universe, being contingent, has been created.
**Creationism**
In Philosophy and Theology, a position he attributes to God creating the world and every human soul at the moment of conception. Not to be confused with the radical position that under the same name, it denies the biological evolution and claims that each species has been caused by a particular act of divine creation.
**Believe, Belief**
Take for some one thing that has not been seen or proven. It can refer to natural or religious events. It is an imperfect way of knowing, but necessary given the limitations of human knowledge: If only we knew what we have seen or proven, our knowledge of the real – well Dad would leave us poor and helpless in life.
**Critical**
In Greek, krinein means discerning, separating, judge, decide. philosophical criticism is based on research that supports the proposals, the activity that allows us to distinguish truth from error.
**Quality**
Latin qualitas. Philosophy quality means the mode of being that is affirmed or denied of a subject, and its meaning is often restricted to certain sensitive aspects of perception. It is traditional to Locke’s distinction between primary qualities (extension, figure, motion, resistance) and secondary qualities (color, sound, taste ..)
**Body**
From Latin corpus, perhaps related to the Greek Jrose (meat). Any object that can be perceived by the senses. Since Aristotle, the bodies are the proper subject of physics. The body has extension, occupies space and material. Corporeal body or opposes spiritual.
**Human Body**
The human body is no mere mechanical extension but a repository of active power that explains the biological life and psychological faculties. Classical philosophy sees the human body as a correlative of the soul. In Plato, they complement accidentally (the body is the tomb of the soul), in the Aristotelian and Christian tradition, body and soul are co-principles substantial need each other as matter and form.
**Culture**
Latin colere: cultivar. In true sense, culture is the art of cultivating the spirit, as agriculture is the agricultural work.
**Duty**
The Latin verb duty. Is defined as the obligation to do or not do according to a standard. His counterpart is the law. Distinguishes between individual and social duties, both positive and negative (do something), natural and legal, to oneself, to others and to God, the foundation of the duty is the natural requirement of human nature, and ultimately, the author of that nature.
**Deduction**
Intellectual method by which one passes logically from universal to particular. Descends from principles to the facts, from the abstract to the concrete, from general to particular. It is the opposite of induction, and assume the inductive phase of conquest of general concepts.
**Definition**
Brief statement setting out clearly the understanding of the concept. Fundamental element of scientific methodology and philosophy.
**Deism**
Doctrine that recognizes God as the Supreme Being, understood in a pantheistic as law or cosmic intelligence, without admitting revelation, providence, and external worship. It differs from the earthquake.
**Demagoguery**
Political practice that relies on false promises and take advantage of the primal instincts of the people to achieve their objectives without any scruples or respect for justice. In classical Greece, was a demagogue who ruled the sidelines of justice and ethics, seeking to establish their own power.
**Democracy**
In Greek, krat6s means power, and give the district territory was in Athens met some of their citizens. Democracy is government in which the people exercise sovereignty through the ballot, and where freedoms are respected, the law, legal equality and opportunity, political authority, the division of powers, the alternation of power and public oversight authority.
**Demonstrate**
Show or declare something with rational evidence. science and philosophy are based on demonstrations.
**Ethics**
Set of ethical duties of each profession.
**Law**
It is how men govern industrial relations are essential to ‘safeguard the social order. Is a set of rules or laws that generates the same social life to organize human activities and ensure the freedom of its members. It may be natural and human or positive.
**Human Rights**
Are those that belong to everyone. human being by the fact seriously: the right to life, liberty, education, bodily integrity, legal equality, honor, etc. His respect is a prerequisite for human dignity and a necessary condition for peace.
**Despotism**
Absolute authority exercised by one person, not limited by law. Is characteristic of all despotism, especially the enlightened (I xviii), stating that only pursues the common good. Do not confuse despotism and tyranny, for it is legitimate source. Tocqueville referred to the danger in democracy into a tyranny of the majority.
**Destination**
Unknown force that is attributed to the powerful and arbitrary influence on the world and men. Also called fate and destiny.
**Determinism**
The existence of freedom is denied by determinism, to argue that human actions are governed, as previously determined by physical laws, biological or social. It is a prejudice that tries to fit the human facts schemes apply only to the physical world. In addition, the denial of human freedom is contrary to universal experience and removes the foundation of responsibility and ethics.
**Becoming**
Philosophical concept introduced by Heraclitus, for whom the essence of reality is its constant evolution, your ever-changing, “everything flows.”
**Dialectic**
Philosophical approach to discover and clarify the truth by considering the contrasting or complementary. Have used this method philosophers like Heraclitus, Zeno, Plato, Kant, Hegel and Marx. In Hegel and Marx, the dialectic is articulated on a triple movement of thesis / antithesis / synthesis.
**Dialogue**
The Greek dialogue: conversation between several people. Is a form of philosophical thought, made famous by Socrates, it is also, from Plato, the literary version of that conversation. Involves delineation of concepts, discussion, confrontation. Seek the truth through the contrast of opposing views.
**God**
Philosophy means God the Cause of all that exists, and it is conceived as a Being all-powerful, eternal and provident. the idea of God shows a surprising feature: it is present in the minds of all men, even in those who deny its real existence. God is not capable of direct knowledge, but reason can provide evidence of their existence are the five ways made famous by Saint Thomas Aquinas, collections of Greek philosophy.
**Division**
Math and logic that consists of breaking a whole into its parts. It is one of the foundations of scientific method.
**Dualism**
Any explanation based on two different principles, soul and body (man);-thought and extension (actually Cartesian), Good and Evil (Manichaeism), etc.
**Doubt**
Hesitation of mind to two contradictory judgments. Dubius comes from the Latin adjective, derived from the numeral duo: two, and is precisely the swinging or swaying of the mind between two opposing terms. It differs from ignorance, opinion and certainty.
**Eclecticism**
Philosophical attitude that seeks to reconcile the best of other theories. Intermediate position, away from the ends.
**Ecology**
Study of the relationships between living things and their environment. Human ecology examines the problems caused by human actions on the natural environment.
**Economy**
From the Greek oikonomia on the proper administration of the goods: domestic skill set required to manage a household well; state, state of the wealth of a family; political science that deals with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods designed to meet human needs.
**Effect**
Results of a case. In Latin, effectus is what has been done or executed. In fact, any real fact may be considered as an effect.
**Selfishness**
Moral trait that tends to search only their own interest.
**Element**
What, in relation to a compound, is simple and can not be broken. Ultimate entity that E is a reality. the early Greek philosophers thought that the material world was composed of four elements: earth, water, air, and fire.
**Emotion**
Affect, mood, inner movement which translates externally. Can be produced by feelings, ideas or memories.
**Empirical**
That is clear from the experience.
**Empiricism**
Comes from the Greek empierin: experience. Philosophical empiricism takes sensory experience as the only source of knowledge. Francis Bacon is considered its founder, because it advocated the experimental method. David Hume takes it to its logical conclusion: the denial of causality, of the substance, the psychological self, all the metaphysical.
**Encyclopedia**
In Greek, global education, set of all sciences. the French Enlightenment in the eighteenth century published Encyclopedia: A Dictionary of the sciences, arts, and crafts.
**Entity**
In Latin, ser.
**Understanding**
Intelligence. Intellectual faculty by which we understand reality, capturing and separating the essential from the accidental. It differs from the sensations as they stay in that first show, which is the extrinsic and accidental. Moves from the particular to the universal by means of abstraction.
**Epicureanism**
Doctrine of Epicurus (341-271 BC) and Lucretius (98-55 BC). Materialist conception of the world resting on the atomism of Democritus. Hedonism advocates a nuanced, compatible with a certain asceticism.
**Epiphenomenon**
To the materialistic doctrines, the psychological faculties of man (knowledge, freedom, love, etc.) Are highly complex biochemical phenomena: epiphenomena.
**Epistemology**
From the Greek episteme, knowledge. Philosophical study of the validity, rationale and methods of knowledge.
**Equity**
If justice applied the law to the letter, equity, respect the spirit of the law and takes into consideration each particular case. It’s better and more humane administration of justice.
**Skepticism**
The Greek Scepter: observe, examine. Theory begun by Pyrrho (v century BC). Asserts that truth does not exist, or, if any, the man is unable to meet her.
**Scholastic**
De schola (school) in the Middle Ages meant the center dedicated to the teaching of the Seven Liberal Arts (Grammar, Rhetoric, Dialectic, Arithmetic, Geometry, Astronomy, and Music). By extension was given this name to the method adopted by the teaching of medieval philosophy: presentation, questions, discussion, and conclusions.
**Essence**
The Latin verb esse: to be. What is the nature of a thing. What is one thing. What makes a thing what it is. Answer the question ‘what is’, and in this sense is a bar to accidental. It is a central notion of philosophy.
**Space**
Immediately perceived as the site or place or can take an object, but it is extraordinarily difficult to define its concept. Newton conceived it as a huge vacuum receptacle with independent existence of bodies in it. Aristotle and Einstein conceived as strictly on their bodies. For Kant is a subjective form of human knowledge.
**Species**
In logic, a subset of the genre. In biology, all living beings with common essential characteristics that can interbreed.
**Spirit**
From the Latin spiritus, breath or vital breath. The Greek pneuma and nous. The production of ideas and decision making are essential characteristics of human beings, are among the most powerful in the world, and are not physical acts, no matter or extension, you can not measure or weigh, no color or occupy space. For this purpose know a cause that is beyond sense perception and that is essentially the man, the spirit, or immaterial energy capable of understanding and love.
**State**
In political philosophy, organization and governance structure of a country, the organized political community. Among its elements: rulers and ruled territory, laws and institutions.
**Stoicism**
School of philosophy founded by Zeno of Citium (Cyprus, 333-262 BC), gives her lessons on a porch (stoa in Greek). Stoicism recommended indifference to the fate and the passions, apathy and nonchalance. Seneca, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius were the main Stoic thinkers.
Eternity. the classical definition says perfect and simultaneous possession of endless life. So conceived, is an attribute of God.
**Aesthetics**
From the Greek “aisthetikos” on the sensation. Part of the philosophy which aims to study the beautiful, or beauty in general and, in a special way, the conditions under which receives and creates beautiful, and criteria to be valued. At present, it is critical philosophy of art made from different perspectives
**Ethics**
Part of philosophy that studies the moral behavior of man: the correct use of freedom, towards their virtues. In Greek ethos meaning custom action.
**Eudaemonism**
Philosophical stance that puts the end of man’s happiness (Greek eudaimonia).
**Evidence**
Latin evidence: what you see. It is the clarity with which something is expressed to the intelligence, so that flow from adherence to the truth. Evidence physical, moral and metaphysical. All criteria to distinguish the true from the false can be reduced, ultimately, the evidence standard: there is no certainty that actually involves no objective evidence.
**Evolution**
Hypothesis proposes a process of change in living things, through incremental changes, by which it is produced, from the origins of life, the enormous variety of species that have existed and do exist. Although there is some evolutionary thought in Augustine and the Greek philosophers, the range of scientific hypotheses not arrive until Lamarck and Darwin in the nineteenth century.
**Existentialism**
Name designating some philosophers have in common concrete claim that human existence is against the abstraction of the idealists. Among major existentialists are Kierkegaard, Heidegger, Jaspers, Sartre, and Marcel.
**Experience**
From Latin ex-upper: obtain evidence. It is often identified with sensitive knowledge which makes us unique facts patents, but there are an intellectual experience that tells us we understand, love and exist.
**Extension**
In logic, a set of beings that can be attributed to one concept. Precludes understanding.