Pneumatics: Compressed Air Systems and Components
Pneumatics: Study and Application of Compressed Air
Pneumatics involves the study and application of compressed air to create mechanical effects. M. Aquinas compressors are designed to increase atmospheric air pressure.
Reciprocating Piston Compressors are commonly used and require electricity or hydrocarbons to function. Types include:
- Single-Stage Piston Compressor: Converts motor shaft’s circular motion into linear motion using a piston-rod-crank mechanism.
- Two-Stage Piston Compressor: Air is compressed in two stages, reaching higher pressures and temperatures.
Other compressor types include:
- Rotary Screw Compressors: Offer consistent pressure.
- Rotary Vane Compressors: Feature an area with an inlet and outlet.
Air Treatment Components
Refrigerators: Cool compressed air to around 25°C, condensing water vapor.
Accumulators: Store compressed air for use when needed.
Filters: Remove impurities from compressed air using a spinning motion and filter elements.
Pressure Regulators: Maintain constant output pressure using a membrane and spring mechanism.
Lubricators: Mix oil with air to enhance component lifespan and performance, utilizing the Venturi effect.
Distribution Networks
Tubing: Connects pneumatic components and should be wall-mounted for leak detection. Materials include steel, polyethylene, etc. Proper inclination (around 1.5°) aids in drainage.
Control Elements
Compressed air flow to cylinders and motors is controlled by various valves:
- Directional Control Valves (Distributors): Characterized by the number of ports and positions.
- Check Valves: Allow flow in one direction.
- Flow Control Valves: Regulate air flow.
- Logic Valves (AND, OR): Control based on multiple inputs.
- Timers: Control based on time intervals.
Pneumatic Actuators
Motors
Contain blades rotated by air pressure, converting pressure into rotational motion.
Cylinders
- Single-Acting Cylinders: Perform work in one direction.
- Double-Acting Cylinders: Perform work in both directions by applying air pressure to either side of the piston.