Population Growth and Structure in Spain
3. REAL GROWTH OF THE POPULATION.
The real growth of the population is obtained by adding natural increase and net migration. CR = CN (Births-Deaths) + SM (Immigrants-Emigrants). Since the early twentieth century until today the Spanish population has doubled, but we have to distinguish three stages:
1-From the mid-nineteenth to early twentieth century growth was low by a low natural growth (high birth and death) and overseas migration.
2-The period between 1900 and 1975 was characterized by high population growth, especially during the 1960’s due to the high natural growth.
3-Since 1975 the population growth is low because of the low natural growth (low birth and death).
4. THE STRUCTURE OF THE SPANISH POPULATION.
The population structure reflects the nature of its composition by sex and age and economic activity.
4.1. Sex and Age Structure.
The sex structure is the relationship between the number of men and women in a population. Is expressed through the rates of masculinity and femininity (see book.) Always more boys than girls are born (105 by 100).
As for the age structure the most widely used indicator to measure torque is the aging rate or percentage of people 65 and older in a population. When over 12% is considered that the population is aging. (See formula in the book page. 310).
Spain has an aging age structure. Youth (0-14 years) have reduced their numbers since the beginning of S. XX. (Currently about 15%). Adults (15-64 years) increased (67%). Seniors (65 and over) have increased (18%).
4.2. Economic Structure of the Population.
Includes the study of population and economic sectors where the workforce is distributed.
4.2.1. The Workforce.
Is the set of persons 16 and older, accounting for labor to produce goods and services or who are willing and make efforts to join this production. Understand, therefore, the working population (working population) as to which you are seeking work (unemployed population). The inactive population is one that has no paid work (pensioners, rentiers, students, am @ s home …)
There are several indices to measure the activity of a population
Activity Rate. The percentage of assets of a population. Its evolution was in decline until recently (for the Spanish emigration mainly). Since 1987, the population has increased (by the incorporation of women to work mainly). By gender, the male activity rate declined until recently (crisis), but since 1996 the rate recovers. The female participation rate, starting from very low rates has been increasing in the last decades of the twentieth century .. Depending on the age, the highest activity rate for males is between 54 and 25y of 20-24 for women. Depending on the territory of higher activity rates are given in the most economically dynamic areas, providing more jobs (Madrid, Bcn, Basque Country, Mediterranean coast …) The rates are low in areas with young populations (Andalusia) aging (inside) or affected by industrial decline (Asturias).
Unemployment Rate. The percentage of active population unemployed in the total workforce. In terms of its evolution, until 1973 unemployment was not a serious problem (no more than 3% by emigration). From then until 1995 increased substantially due to poor economic situation. From 1995 to 2008 has been declining. Unemployment shows variations according to age, sex, educational level, time of year, region (high in Andalusia and Extremadura and downs in Madrid, La Rioja …).
4.2.2. Economic Sectors.
The population has been distributed differently throughout the twentieth century. Its development has followed a series of stages:
The primary sector was in the early twentieth century the predominant and has been falling steadily to the present (6%).
The secondary sector grew during the twentieth century until 1975. He currently holds 30% of the population.
The secondary sector has been growing since the early twentieth century to reach 64%).