Population, Migration & Economic Systems
1. Population
A population is a group of people who live in a territory or place at a particular moment. Since the Neolithic Revolution, when humans became sedentary and started developing agriculture, livestock farming, mining, trade, and social organization, population growth has been determined by agricultural areas, the natural environment, climate, and catastrophic events.
19th and 21st Centuries
The Industrial Revolution began in the 18th century and developed significantly in the mid-19th century. As the birth rate increased and the mortality rate decreased, the world’s population started to grow faster.
Natural Change
The natural movement of the population refers to the natural processes of life: birth and mortality rates.
Birth Rate
The birth rate is the total number of births per 1000 inhabitants that occur in a year.
Death Rate
The death rate is the same as the birth rate but refers to deaths.
Natural Increase
Natural increase is the difference between birth and death rates expressed as a percentage.
Life Expectancy
Life expectancy indicates how long a person may live in years.
2. Migration
Migration is the movement of people from their native countries to other places.
Migration Types
There are various types of migration.
Duration
Although there is seasonal migration, most migration lasts a few years or is permanent.
Causes of Migration
These are mostly economic causes.
Destination
The destination can be regional, continental, or intercontinental.
Countries of Emigration and Immigration
Areas that are less developed produce many continental and intercontinental emigrants. The countries that receive immigrants are the developed ones.
Mass Migration
During the early modern age, mass migration occurred, and their destination was America.
The Consequences of Migration
Positives
The countries that receive immigrants obtain a workforce that the economy needs.
Negatives
Immigrants can be victims of racism and xenophobia.
3. Economic Activity
Economic activity is what is carried out by humans to acquire goods.
Economic Goods
Economic goods are products and services generated by economic activity. There are three types:
- Composition: They can be consumable or capital goods.
- Function: They can be intermediate goods or finished goods.
- Ownership: They can be private or public.
Factors of Production
Factors of production are the resources required for generating economic goods. There are three types:
- Natural Resources:
- Renewable: solar energy
- Partially Renewable: plants, animals
- Non-Renewable: fossil fuels, minerals
- Human Resources: These are people who, by virtue of their labor, exploit and convert natural resources into economic goods.
- Capital: This comprises the materials, technical, and financial resources needed to obtain products and provide services.
Economic Agents
Economic agents are elements that play a role in converting factors of production into goods and services. There are:
- People and Families: They are private economic agents.
- Companies: These are also private but do not consume the products or services they generate.
- The State: It offers services to people and companies and is financed by collecting taxes from people, families, and companies.
The Economic Sectors
- Primary: Activities involved in converting raw materials, including agriculture, livestock, fishing, etc.
- Secondary: Activities involved in converting raw materials into manufactured products or building housing and infrastructure.
- Tertiary: Includes activities that provide services.
4. The Economic System in the World
Economic systems are the ways in which a country produces, organizes, distributes, and administers its material and human resources.
The Current System
There are three types:
- Capitalist or Market Economy: This is based on a free-market economy and private ownership of the means of production.
- Communist or Planned Economy: In this system, the economy is planned and centralized by the state.
- Subsistence Economy: This system is based on production for self-consumption.
Market Economy
Operates through private initiative and economic globalization.
5. The Economic System in the World (Duplicate)
Economic systems are the ways in which a country produces, organizes, distributes, and administers its material and human resources.
The Current System
There are three types:
- Capitalist or Market Economy: This is based on a free-market economy and private ownership of the means of production.
- Communist or Planned Economy: In this system, the economy is planned and centralized by the state.
- Subsistence Economy: This system is based on production for self-consumption.
Market Economy
Operates through private initiative and economic globalization.