Pre-Modernism in Brazilian Literature: A Bridge to Modernism
Pre-Modernism
Introduction
Pre-Modernism in Brazil (1902-1922) wasn’t a formal literary school, but a transitional phase bridging the gap between established movements like Realism, Naturalism, Parnassianism, and Symbolism, and the upcoming Modernism. It culminated with the Week of Modern Art in 1922.
What was Pre-Modernism?
Pre-Modernism, also known as the syncretic period, encompassed the first two decades of the 20th century. It wasn’t an organized movement, but a period of diverse literary production. Authors, while adhering to existing styles, began expressing dissent on social and political issues, paving the way for Modernism. Key works of this era include Canaan by Graça Aranha, Os Sertões by Euclides da Cunha, and Urupês by Monteiro Lobato.
Key Authors and Characteristics
This period saw a rise of individualism and social commentary. Key authors include:
- Euclides da Cunha: Highlighted social and cultural problems, criticizing archaic Brazilian systems and exploring the divide between coastal and inland Brazil.
- Lima Barreto: Focused on social inequalities, racial prejudice, and the struggles of marginalized communities in Rio de Janeiro’s suburbs.
- Graça Aranha: Explored themes of immigration, identity, and social change in Brazil.
- Monteiro Lobato: Critiqued Brazil’s underdevelopment, particularly in rural areas, and later became a prominent children’s author.
- Augusto dos Anjos: A unique poet who blended Symbolism with scientific and pessimistic themes, exploring the mysteries of existence and death.
Common characteristics of Pre-Modernist literature include:
- A break from the past, particularly in poetry.
- Focus on Brazilian reality, including marginalized communities and regions.
- Critical presentation of social issues in fiction.
Augusto dos Anjos (1884-1914)
Known for his unique, pessimistic poetry, Augusto dos Anjos published only one book, Eu (later reissued as Eu e Outros Poemas). His work is characterized by scientific language, themes of death and decay, and a dramatic intensity. His style blended Parnassian and Symbolist elements with a distinctly personal and often unsettling perspective.
“Since the worm—this labor of ruins— / That the blood of rotten carnage / Come and life in general declares war.”
Euclides da Cunha (1866-1909)
Euclides da Cunha, a positivist and determinist, gained recognition for his masterpiece Os Sertões (Rebellion in the Backlands), a powerful account of the Canudos War. His work exposed the stark realities of Brazil’s interior and the social inequalities that fueled the conflict.
“While the savanna drowns; shortens it look, it attacks and stun him, entangles him in the plot espinescente and does not appeal; disgust him with stinging leaves…”
Graça Aranha (1868-1931)
Graça Aranha’s Canaan explores themes of immigration and identity in Brazil. He actively participated in the modernist movement, blurring the lines between Pre-Modernism and Modernism.
“Milkau was serene on the mountain. I had found the head of a blonde nymph, and on it, and scruffy beard, the sun was beating in an afterglow of flush…”
Lima Barreto (1881-1922)
Lima Barreto, a mixed-race author from a humble background, depicted the lives of marginalized communities in Rio de Janeiro. His work often features autobiographical elements and critiques social prejudice and political corruption.
Monteiro Lobato (1882-1948)
Monteiro Lobato is known for his social commentary and his contributions to children’s literature. His Urupês introduced the character Jeca Tatu, a symbol of rural underdevelopment. He later became a successful publisher and advocate for Brazilian modernization.
“A white house, there in the Yellow Woodpecker Ranch, an old residence of more than sixty years. Name is Dona Benta…”
Conclusion
Pre-Modernism played a crucial role in shaping Brazilian literature. By addressing social and political issues and experimenting with new styles, Pre-Modernist authors laid the groundwork for the explosion of Modernism in 1922.
References
Source: www. google.com.
Site: www.graudez.com.br / literature / premodern.
Website: www.wikipedia.org / premodern.
Site: www.jayrus.art.br / handouts / literature / premodern.