Primary and Secondary Data Sources: Collection Methods
Primary and Secondary Data Sources
Primary Source
Definition: Data collected directly from the original source.
Description: First-hand data gathered specifically for the current investigation.
Example: Surveys, interviews, and experiments conducted by the researcher for their own research purpose.
Secondary Source
Definition: Data that already exists and was collected for a different purpose.
Description: Second-hand data gathered by others and used for a new analysis.
Example: Reports, academic papers, and historical records originally compiled for other studies.
Primary Data
Description: Data collected directly by the researcher through original methods.
Purpose: Gathered specifically for the researcher’s own research objectives.
Characteristics: Fresh and tailored to the specific needs of the current study.
Secondary Data
Description: Data that was collected previously for a different purpose.
Purpose: Used by the current investigator for new analysis or research.
Characteristics: Pre-existing data repurposed for the current study.
Distinction
- Primary Data: Collected for the first time by the researcher.
- Secondary Data: Collected previously by others and used for a new purpose.
Characteristics of a Good Questionnaire
- Limited Questions: Focuses on essential questions to maintain respondent engagement and relevance.
- Instructions to Fill: Provides clear, concise instructions for completing the questionnaire to avoid confusion.
- Proper Order of Questions: Arranges questions logically for a smooth and coherent flow.
- No Undesirable Questions: Avoids questions that are irrelevant or might discomfort respondents.
- Cross Verification: Incorporates methods to verify the accuracy and consistency of responses.
- Simplicity: Uses straightforward language and a clear format to ensure easy understanding and response.
Telephonic Interviews
Definition: Collecting desired information via telephone call.
Merits
- Inexpensive: Generally lower cost compared to in-person interviews.
- Reliability: Can provide reliable data if conducted effectively.
- Cost Saving: Reduces expenses related to travel and logistics.
Demerits
- Personal Bias: Responses may be affected by the interviewer’s or respondent’s personal biases.
Note on Pilot Survey
Description: A preliminary survey conducted on a very small sample from the population to test and refine the survey process and questions before a full-scale study.
Collection of Secondary Data
Published Sources
- Government Publications:
- Examples: RBI Bulletin, Agricultural Statistics of India, Annual Survey of Industries.
- Semi-Government Publications:
- Examples: Publications from municipalities and metropolitan councils.
- Publications of Trade Associations:
- Examples: Reports from associations like the Sugar Mill Association, Textile Association.
- Reports of Committees and Commissions:
- Examples: Reports from the Finance Commission, Planning Commission (Niti Aayog).
- Publications of Research Institutions:
- Examples: Publications from the Indian Statistical Institute, National Council of Applied Economic Research.
Unpublished Sources
Definition: Data collected by government organizations and other entities primarily for internal use or record-keeping, not yet formally published.